Kalp Transplantasyonu
Özet
Referanslar
American Heart Association. (2024). *Heart failure facts*. https://www.heart.org
European Society of Cardiology. (2021). *2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure*. European Heart Journal, 42(36), 3599–3726. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), & Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). (2023). *OPTN/SRTR 2023 annual data report: Heart transplantation*. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2010). *Kalp nakli istatistikleri* [Heart transplant statistics]. Organ Nakli Koordinasyon Merkezi.
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2024). *2024 yılı organ nakli verileri* [2024 organ transplant data]. Organ Nakli Koordinasyon Merkezi.
TransMedics Inc. (2023). *Clinical results from the Organ Care System (OCS) for heart transplantation*. https://www.transmedics.com
Carrel, A. (1905). The surgery of blood vessels. Journal of the American Medical Association, 44(5), 353–355. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1905.92500180001001d
Markus E, Wong SNT, Luisada AA: Homologous heart grafts: Transplantation of the heart in dogs. Surg Forum 2:12, 1951.
Demikhov VP. Texperimental Transplantation of vital Organs.(B. Haigh, Trans.), New York, Consultants Bureau, 1962.
Willman VL, Jellinek M, Cooper T, et al: Metabolism of the transplanted heart: Effect of excision and reimplantation on myocardial glycogen, hexokinase, and acetylcholine esterase. Surgery 56:266, 1964.
Kantrowitz A, Huller JD, Joos H, Cerroti MM, Carstensen HE. Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult. Am J Cardiol. 22, 782-790, 1968
Bayezid Ö, Balkanay M, Carin M ve ark. Türkiye’de ilk takipli ortotopik kalp transplantasyonu.Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş. 18: 136-141, 1990
Bayezid Ö, Balkanay M, Öztek İ ve ark. The first successful heart transplantation in Turkey. Koşuyolu Heart Journal.1:3-10, 1990
Oto Ö, Açıkel Ü, Hazan E ve ark. Çocukluk çağında Kalp ve akciğer transplantasyonu: Ülkemizde ilk uygulama. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş. 26: 446-448, 1998.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.858076
Baumwol J. "I Need Help"-A mnemonic to aid timely referral in advanced heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017;36:593-4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.02.010.
Rahimi K, Bennett D, Conrad N, et al. Risk prediction in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and analysis. JACC Heart Fail 2014;2:440-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.008.
Khush KK, Hsich E, Potena L, et al. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-eighth adult heart transplantation report - 2021; focus on recipient characteristics. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021;40:1035-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.015.
Weiss ES, Nwakanma LU, Patel ND, Yuh DD. Outcomes in patients older than 60 years of age undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation: an analysis of the UNOS database. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:184-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.11.566.
Goldstein DJ, Bello R, Shin JJ, et al. Outcomes of cardiac transplantation in septuagenarians. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:679-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.03.019. published correction appears in J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014 Mar;33(3):326.
Jaiswal A, Gadela NV, Baran D, et al. Clinical outcomes of older adults listed for heart transplantation in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021;69:2507-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17271.
Russo MJ, Hong KN, Davies RR, et al. The effect of body mass index on survival following heart transplantation: do outcomes support consensus guidelines. Ann Surg 2010;251:144-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b5db3c.
Batra J, DeFilippis EM, Golob S, et al. Impact of pre-transplant malignancy on heart transplantation outcomes: contemporary United Network for Organ Sharing analysis amidst evolving cancer therapies. Circ Heart Fail 2022;15:e008968. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008968.
Russo MJ, Chen JM, Hong KN, et al. Survival after heart transplantation is not diminished among recipients with uncomplicated diabetes mellitus: an analysis of the United Network of Organ Sharing database. Circulation 2006;114:2280-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.615708.
Newman JD, Schlendorf KH, Cox ZL, et al. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus following heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022;41:1537-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2022.07.011.
Vakil K, Duval S, Sharma A, et al. Impact of pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension on survival after heart transplantation: a UNOS registry analysis. Int J Cardiol 2014;176:595-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.072.
Costard-Jäckle A, Fowler MB. Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(92)90050-w.
Zern EK, Cheng S, Wolfson AM, et al. Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor therapy reverses pulmonary hypertension in end-stage heart failure patients awaiting transplantation. Circ Heart Fail 2020;13:e006696. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006696.
Kittleson MM, Sharma K, Brennan DC, et al. Dual-organ transplantation: indications, evaluation, and outcomes for heart-kidney and heartliver transplantation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023;148:622-36. https://doi.org/10.1161/
Kobashigawa J, Dadhania DM, Farr M, et al. Consensus conference on heart-kidney transplantation. Am J Transpl 2021;21:2459-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16512.
Karamlou T, Welke KF, McMullan DM, et al. Combined heart-kidney transplant improves post-transplant survival compared with isolated heart transplant in recipients with reduced glomerular filtration rate: analysis of 593 combined heart-kidney transplants from the United Network Organ Sharing Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;147:456-461.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.017.
Itagaki S, Toyoda N, Moss N, et al. Outcomes of simultaneous heart and kidney transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023;81:729-40.
Deo SV, Al-Kindi SG, Altarabsheh SE, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease excluding international normalized ratio (MELD-XI) score predicts heart transplant outcomes: evidence from the registry of the United Network for Organ Sharing. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016;35:222-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.10.008.
Dew MA, DiMartini AF, Steel J, et al. Meta-analysis of risk for relapse to substance use after transplantation of the liver or other solid organs. Liver Transplant 2008;14:159-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21278.
Duerinckx N, Burkhalter H, Engberg SJ, et al. Correlates and outcomes of post-transplant smoking in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Transplantation 2016;100:2252-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001335.
Helmy R, Duerinckx N, De Geest S, et al. The international prevalence and variability of nonadherence to the nonpharmacologic treatment regimen after heart transplantation: Findings from the cross-sectional BRIGHT study. Clin Transplant 2018;32:e13280. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13280.
de la Rosa A, Singer-Englar T, Hamilton MA, IsHak WW, Kobashigawa JA, Kittleson MM. The impact of depression on heart transplant outcomes: a retrospective single-center cohort study. Clin Transplant 2021;35:e14204. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14204.
Solomon NA, McGiven JR, Alison PM et al. Changing donor and recipient demographics in a heart transplantation program: Influence on early outcome. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004;77:2096-102.
Vega JD, Moore J, Murray S et al. Heart transplantation in the United States, 1998-2007. Am J Transplant, 2009:9:932-41.
Jaiswal A, Kittleson MM, Pillai A, Baran DT, Baker WL, Baker WM, et al. Usage of older donors is associated with higher mortality after heart transplantation: A UNOS observational study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 May;43(5):806–815. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2024.01.005
Jaiswal A, Kittleson MM, Pillai A, Baran DT, Baker WL, Baker WM, et al. Usage of older donors is associated with higher mortality after heart transplantation: A UNOS observational study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 May;43(5):806–815. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2024.01.005.
Russo MJ, Chen JM, Sorabella RA et al. The effect of ischemic time on survival after heart transplantation varies by donor age: An analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2007;133:554-9.
Apostolakis E, Parissis H, Dougenis D. Brain death and donor heart dysfunction: Implication in cardiac transplantation. J Card Surg, 2010;25:98-106.
Cohen O, De La Zerda DJ, Beygui R, Hekmat D, Laks H. Donor brain death mechanisms and outcomes after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2007:39:2964-9.
Cantin B, Kwok BW, Chan MC et al. The impact of brain death on survival after heart transplantation: Time is of the essence. Transplantation, 2003;76:1275-9.
Bentley MJ, Mullen JC, Lopushinsky SR, Modry DL. Successful cardiac transplantation with methanol or carbon monoxide-poisoned donors. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001:71:1194-7.
Tenderich G, Koerner MM, Posival Het al. Hemodynamic followup of cardiac allografts from poisoned donors. Transplantation, 1998;66:1163-7.
Wood DM, Dargan PI, Jones AL. Poisoned patients as potential organ donors: Postal survey of transplant centres and intensive care units. Crit Care, 2003;7:147-54.
Baldwin JC, Anderson JL, Boucek MM, Bristow MR, Jennings B. Task Force 2: Donor Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1993:22:15-20.
Brown ME, Sarris GE, Oyer PE. Cardiac donor evaluation, Retrieval, and matching to recipient. Smith JA(Ed) The Stanford manual of cardiopulmonary transplantation, Futura puplishing company, 1996, p:15-29.
Center for Disease Control: US Public Health Service guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996:45:1-9.
Avery RK, Pappas PG. Infections after heart(and heart/lung) transplantation. In Kırklin JKYoung JB, McGiffin DC(eds): Heart Transplantation, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002;521-83.
West LJ, Pollock-BarZiv SM, Dipchand Al et al. ABO incompatible heart transplantation in infants. N Engl J Med, 2001;344:793-800.
Dises VJ, Mull R, Daly ES, Edmunds LH, Mancini DM. Cardiac transplant donor heart allocation based on prospective tissue matching. Ann Thorac Surg, 1994;58:1050-342.
Smith, J. D., Danskine, A., & Pomerance, A. (1993). The beneficial effect of HLA-DR matching on rejection episodes following cardiac transplantation. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 12(S76).
George JF. The Donor Heart, Kirklin JK.(ed) Heart Transplantation, Churchill Livingstone, New York, Edinburg, 2002;1:293-338.
Golberg M, Berman EF, Akman LC. Homologous transplantation of the canine heart. J Int Coll Surg. 1958:3:145-51.
Costanzo MR. Selection and treatment of candidates for heart transplantation. Semin Thorac cardiovasc Surg. 1996:8:113-25
Russo MJ, Chen JM, Sorabella RA et al. The effect of ischemic time on survival after heart transplantation varies by donor age: An analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007:133:554-9.
Xavier MM, Hendrick TT, Frank S et al, Gastrointestinal Disease following Heart Transplan-tation. World J. Surg, 1999.23-650-6.
James K Kırklin, James B Young. David C. Mc Giffin The Heart Transplant Operation. Heart Transplanta-ton Churchill Livingstone Philadelphia, Pensylvania. 2002-339-52
David K. Swanson and P. David Myerowitz. Heart Preservation for Transplantation, Heart Transplantati on P. David Myerowitz. MD. Heart Transplantation. Fatura Publihing Company Inc. Mount Kisco, New York, 1987,339-55
P David Myerowitz. Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: Operative Technique. P David Myerowitz. Heart Transplantation. Fatura Publihing Company. Mount Kisco. New York, 1987,141-54.
Dreyfus G. Jebara V Mihaileanu S. Carpentier AF. Total orthotopic heart transplantation: An alternative to the standard technique. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991/52:1181-4.
Sarsam MA. Campbell CS, Yonan NA et al. An alterna tive surgical technique in orthotopic cardiac transp lantation J Card Surg, 1993:8:344-9
Delezue Ph. Benvenuti C. Mszucchelli Petal Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation With Direct Caval Anastomosis: Is it optimal procedure? The Joumal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1906731-7
Barnard CN, Loeman JG. Left ventricular bypass S Afr Med J.1975 49:30-12
G. Howard Frazier, OU John Olkereke, et al. Heterofpic Heart Transplantation in Three Patiens at the Texas Heart Institute Texas Heart Institute Journal, 1985-12-221-32
McCarthy, P. M., & Stinson, E. B. (1996). Routine posttransplant procedures and early postoperative problems after cardiac transplantation. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), The Stanford manual of cardiopulmonary transplantation (pp. 63–76). Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company.
Stobierska-Dzierzek, B., Awad, H., & Michler, R. E. (2001). The evolving management of acute right-sided heart failure in cardiac transplant recipients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 38(4), 923–931.
Kirklin, J. K., Young, J. B., & McGiffin, D. C. (2002). Management of the recipient during the transplant hospitalization. In Heart Transplantation (pp. 375–389). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone.
Lima, B., Rajagopal, K., Petersen, R. P., Shah, A. S., Soule, B., & Felker, G. M. (2006). Marginal cardiac allografts are not associated with increased primary graft dysfunction in alternative listing transplantation. Circulation, 114(1_suppl), I-27–I-32. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.000737
McCarthy, P. M., & Stinson, E. B. (1996). Routine posttransplant procedures and early postoperative problems after cardiac transplantation. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), The Stanford manual of cardiopulmonary transplantation (pp. 63–76). Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company.
Blumer, V., Marbach, J., Veasey, T., & Kanwar, M. (2022). The role of medical management of cardiogenic shock in the era of mechanical circulatory support. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 37(3), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000966
Marasco, S. F., Vale, M., Pellegrino, V., Preovolos, A., Leet, A., & Kras, A. (2010). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft failure after heart transplantation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 90(5), 1541–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.05.066
Pollock, K. A., McMillan, Z., Diederick, G., & Cronin, B. (2017). Low cardiac output after orthotopic heart transplantation due to large inferior vena cava thrombus following prothrombin complex administration: A case report. A&A Practice, 8(3), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1213/XAA.0000000000000418
Drogalis-Kim, D. E., Gallotti, R. G., Blais, B. A., Perens, G., & Moore, J. P. (2018). Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of atrial tachycardia after pediatric heart transplantation. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 41(9), 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13415
Taylor, M. E., McDiarmid, A. K., Matthews, I. G., Kakarla, J., McComb, J. M., & Parry, G. (2021). Retrospective evaluation of catheter ablation for atrial flutter after heart transplantation. Clinical Transplantation, 35(10), e14429. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14429
Scott, C. D., Dark, J. H., & McComb, J. M. (1992). Arrhythmias after cardiac transplantation. American Journal of Cardiology, 70(10), 1061–1063.
Potena, L., Prestinenzi, P., Bianchi, I. G., Masetti, M., Romani, P., Magnani, G., Fallani, F., Coccolo, F., Russo, A., Ponticelli, C., Rapezzi, C., Grigioni, F., & Branzi, A. (2012). Cyclosporine-sparing effect of everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients: Long-term follow-up of the SHIRAKISS randomized prospective study. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 31(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.002
Brent, L. B. (1999). The immunobiology of transplantation. International Surgery, 84(3), 275–278.
Bourge RC, Rodriguez ER, Tan CD. Cardiac allograft rejection. Kirklin JK.(ed) Heart Transplantation,Churchill Livingstone, New York, Edinburg 2002;1:464-520.
Cherry R, Nielsen H, Reed E et al. Vascular(humoral)rejection in human cardiac allograft biopsies: Relation to circulating anti-HLA antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1992;11:24-9.
Billingham ME, Cary NRB, Hammond ME et al. A working formulation for standardization of nomencla-ture in the diagnosis of heart and lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant,1990;9:587-93
Stewart S, Winters GL, Fishbein MC et al.Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005;24:1710-20.
Fan PH, Kirklin JK, Naftel DC et al. Aplication of echo color flow Doppler mitral regurgitation to the diagno-sis of acute cardiac transplant rejection. Echocardio-graphy,1992;8:169-74.
Gao SZ, Hunt SA, Wiederhold MA, Schroeder JS.Characteristics of serial electrocardiograms in heart transplant recipients.Am Heart J, 1991;2:771-4.
Jacquet L,Ziady G,Griffith B et al.Cardiac rhythm dis-turbances early after orthotopic heart transplantation:Prevalence and clinical importance of the observed abnormalities.J Am Coll Cardiol,1990;16:832-7.
Fieguth HG, Haverich A, Schaefers JH.Cytoimmu-nologic monitoring for the invasive diagnosis of cardi-ac rejection. Transplant Proc, 1987;19:2541-2.
Kobashigawa JA, Warner-Stevenson L. Noninvasive detection of acute cardiac allograft rejection.In Kapoor AS, Laks H, Schroder Js, Yacoub MH(eds):Cardiomyopatyhies and Heart-Lung Transplantation.New York: McGraw-Hill,1991;p:293-303.
Yamani MH,Taylor DO,Rodriguez ER et al. Transplant vasculopathy is associated with increased AlloMap gene expression score. J Heart Lung Transplant,2007;26:403-6.
Deng MC,Eisen HJ,Mehra MR et al. Noninvasive dis-crimination of rejection in cardiac allograft recipients using gene expression profiling. Am J Transplant,2006;6:150-60.
Hershberger RE, Starling RC, Eisen HJ et al.Daclizumab to prevent rejection after cardiac transp-lantation. N. Engl. J. Med, 2005;352:2705-13.
Mehra MR,Zucker MJ,Wagoner L et al.A multicenter,prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of basilixi-mab in heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant, 2005;24:1297-304.
Chiristie JD,Edwards LB, Aurora P et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-sixth official adult heart transplant report 2009. J Heart Lung Transplant,2009;28:1021-49.
Gammie JS,Pham SM.Tacrolismus (FK506) in thora-cic organ transplantation. In Cooper DKC, Miller LW,Patterson GA(eds): The transplantation and replace-ment of thoracic organs. Boston: Kluwer puolisher,1996.
Taylor DO, Barr ML, Radovancevic B. Rabdomized,multicenter comparison of tacrolismus and cyclospo-rine immunosuppressive regimens in cardiac transp-lantation: Decreased hyperlipidemia and hypertensi-on with tacrolismus. J Heart Lung Transplant,1999;18:336-45.
Eisen HJ, Kobashigawa J, Keogh A et al. Three-year results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in cardi-ac transplant recipients.J.Heart Lung Transplant.2005;24:517-25.
Kobashigawa JA,Meiser BM.Reviewof major clinical trials with mycophenolate mofetil in cardiac transp-lantation.Transplantation,2005;80:235-43.
Eisen HJ,Tuzcu EM,Dorent R et al.Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med.2003;349:847-58.
Delgado JF, Pombo M, Dalmau R et al. Low-dose oral prednisone in the treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection.Transplant Proc,2002;34:117.
Heublein B,Wahlers T,Haverich A. Pulsed steroids for treatment of cardiac rejection after transplantation.What dosage is necessary? Circulation, 1989;80:III97-9.
Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part l: cardiac rejecti-on and immunosuppressive drugs. Circulation,2004;110:3734-40.
Onsager DR, Canver CC, Jahania MS et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of refractory rejection in heart and lung transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant,1999;18:448-55.
Costanzo-Nordin MR, Mcmanus BM, Wilson JE et al.Efficacy of photopheresis in the rescue therapy of acute cellular rejection in human heart allografts: a preliminary clinical and immunopathologic report.Transplant. Proc,1993;25:881-3.
Fishman, J. A. (2007). Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. *New England Journal of Medicine*, 357(25), 2601–2614.
Kotton, C. N., Kumar, D., Caliendo, A. M., Asberg, A., Chou, S., Danziger-Isakov, L., ... & Snydman, D. R. (2013). The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-organ Transplantation. *Transplantation*, 96(4), 333–360.
Singh, N., & Paterson, D. L. (2005). Infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. *Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases*, 3433–3452.
Razonable, R. R. (2011). Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: current concepts and challenges. *World Journal of Gastroenterology*, 17(34), 3952.
Snydman, D. R. (2001). Epidemiology of infections after solid-organ transplantation. *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, 33(Supplement_1), S5–S8.
Rubin, R. H. (1993). Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant patients. *Reviews of Infectious Diseases*, 15(Supplement_1), S45–S52.
Danziger-Isakov, L., & Kumar, D. (2013). Vaccination in solid organ transplantation. *American Journal of Transplantation*, 13(s4), 311–317.
Freeman, R. B., Giatras, I., Falagas, M. E., Supran, S., & Tolkoff-Rubin, N. (2001). Meta-analysis of renal transplantation trials with anti-thymocyte globulin induction therapy. *Transplantation*, 71(7), 1060–1063.
Avery, R. K. (2004). Strategies for safe living after solid organ transplantation. *American Journal of Transplantation*, 4(6), 1040–1048.
Humar, A., & Michaels, M. (2006). American Society of Transplantation recommendations for screening, monitoring and reporting infectious complications in immunosuppression trials in recipients of organ transplantation. *American Journal of Transplantation*, 6(2), 262–274.
Taylor DO, Stehlik J, Edwards LB et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-sixth Official Adult Heart Transplant Report-2009. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2009;28:1007-22.
Costanzo MR, Naftel DC, Pritzker MR et al. Heart transplant coronary artery disease detected by coro-nary angiography: A multi-institutional study of pre-operative donor and recipient risk actors: J Heart Lung Transplant, 1998,17:744-53
Yeung AC. Davis SF. Hauptman PJ et al. Incidence and progression of transplant coronary artery disease over 1 year. Results of a multicenter trial with use of intravascular ultrasound. Multicenter intravascular Liltrasound Transplant Study Group. J Heart Lurig Transplant, 1996:14:215-20
Sharples LD, Jackson CH, Parameshwar J. Wallwork J, Large SR Diagnostic accuracy of coronary angiog raphy and risk factors for post heart-transplant cardi ac allograft vasculopathy. Transplantation, 2003. 16:679-82
Kemna MS, Valantine HA, Hunt SA, Metabolic risk factors for atherosclerosis in heart transplant recipi ents. Am Heart J. 1994;128:68-72
Szeto WY, Krasinskas AM, Kreisel D, Krupnick AS. Popma SH, Rosengard BR. Depletion of recipient CD4+ but not CD8+ T lymphocytes prevents the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplantation 2002:73:1116-22
Gohra H. MacDonal TO, Verrier ED, Aziz S. Endothelial loss and regeneration in a model of transplant arteri-osclerosis. Transplantation 1995:60:96-102.
Esper E, Glagov S. Karp RB et al. Role of hypercholes terolemia in accelerated transplant coronary vasculo-pathy: Results of surgical therapy with partial ileal bypass in rabbits undergoing heterotopic heart transp lantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1997:16:420-35.
Brozena SC. Johnson MR, Ventura H et al. Effectiveness and safety of diltiazem or lisinopril in tre atment of hypertension after heart transplantation Results of a prospective, randomized multicenter trial. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 1996:27:1707-12
Depczynski B, Daly B, Campbell LV et al. Predicting the occurrence of diabetes mellitus in recipients of heart transplants. Diabet Med, 2000:17:15-9.
Lang CC. Beniaminovitz A, Edwards N et al. Morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients following cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2003,22:244-9.
Zhang X, Li H. Jin H. Brodsky S, Goligorsky MS. Effects of homocysteine on endothelial nitric oxide producti-on. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2000;279:F671-8
Weis M, Kledal TN, Lin KY Panchal SN et al. Cytome galovirus infection impairs the nitric oxide synthase pathway, Role of asymmetric dimethylarginine in transplant arteriosclerosis. Circulation, 2004:109: 500-5.
Pratschke J. Neuhaus P., Tullius SG. What can be lear ned from brain-death models? Transpl Int. 2005;18:15-21.
Benza RL. Tallaj J. Cardiac allograft vasculo pathy(chronic rejection) In: Kirklin JK, McGiffin DC, ed. Heart transplantation. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone: 2002.pp:615-64,
Johnson DE, Gao 52. Schroeder JS. De Campli WM. Billingham ME. The spectrum of coronary artery pat hologic findings in human cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1989:8:349-59.
Ramzy D, Rao V Brahim J et al. Cardiac allograft vas culopathy. A review. Can J Surg. 2005:48:319-27
Rahmani M. Cruz RP, Granville DJ. McManus BM. Allograft Vasculopathy versus Atherosclerosis. Circ Resp, 2006:99:801-15.
Mehra MR, Ventura HO, Stapleton DD et al. Presence of severe intimal thickening by intravascular ultraso nography predicts cardiac events in cardiac allograft Vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1995,14:632-9
Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Sachar R et al. Intravascular ultrasound evidence of angiographically silent prog ression in coronary atherosclerosis predicts long-term morbidity and mortality after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005:45:1538-42.
Schoenhagen P., Nissen S. Understanding coronary artery disease: Tomographic imaging with intravascu lar ultrasound. Heart, 2002:88:91-6.
Tuzcu EM. Kapadia SR, Tutar E et al. High prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic teena-gers and young adults: Evidence from intravascular ultrasound. Circulation, 2001;103:2705-10.
Delgado JF, Manito N, Segovia J et al. The use of pro-liferation signal inhibitors in the prevention and treat-ment of allograft vasculopathy in heart transplantati on. Transplantation Reviews, 2009:23:69-9.
Stork S, Behr TM, Birk M et al. Assessment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy late after heart transplantation: when is coronary angiography necessary? J Heart Lung Transplant, 2006;25:1103-8.
Zhao XM, Hu Y, Miller GG, Mitchell RN, Libby P. Association of thrombospondin-1 and cardiac allo graft vasculopathy in human cardiac allografts. Circulation, 2001:103:525-31.
De Souza Al, Wait R. Mitchell AG et al. Heat shock pro-tein 27 is associated with freedom from graft vasculo-pathy after human cardiac transplantation. Circ Res. 2005:97:192-8.
Escaned J. Segovia J, Flores A et al. Assessment of coronary microcirculation in cardiac allografts: Acomparison of intracoronary physiology, intravascu lar ultrasound and histological morphometry. J. Heart Lung Transplant, 2001;20:204-5.
Spes CH, Mudra H, Schnaack SD et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. A comparison with angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol, 1996:78:168-74
Romeo G, Houyel L, Angel CY et al. Coronary stenosis detection by 16-slice computed tomography in hearttransplant patients: Comparison with conventional angiography and impact on clinical management. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006:45:1826-31
Iyengar S. Feldman DS. Cooke GE, Lever CV Raman SV. Detection of coronary artery disease in orthotopic heart transplant recipients with 64-detector row com puted tomography angiography. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2006.25.1363-6
Wu YW, Yen RE, Lee CM et al, Diagnostic and prognos tic value of dobutamine thallium-201 singlephoton emission computed tomography after heart transp lantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005:24:54450
Ciliberto GR, Ruffini L, Mangiavacchi M et al. Resting echocardiography and quantitative dipyridamole technetium-99m sestamibi tomography in the identifi cation of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and the pre-diction of long-term prognosis after heart transplanta tion. Eur Heart J. 2001/22: 964-71.
Müehling OM, Wilke NM, Parse Pet al. Reduced myocardial perfusion reserve and transmural perfusi on gradient in heart transplant arteriopathy assessed by magnetic resonence imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003:42:1054-60
Schmauss D, Was M. Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Recent Developments. Circulation, 2008:117:2131-41.
Hognestad A, Endresen K, Wergeland Ret al. Plasma C-reactive protein as a marker of cardiac allograft vas culopathy in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2003:42:477-82
Labarrere CA, Nelson DR. Cax Cil et al. Cardiac-speci fic troponin I levels and risk of coronary artery disease and graft failure following heart transplantation. JAMA, 2000,284:457-64
Mehra MR. Uber PA, Potluri S et al. Usefulness of an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide to predict allograft failure, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and survival after heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol, 2004:94:454-8.
Kass M. Haddad H. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy pathology, prevention and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol, 2006:21:132-7.
Fedak PW, Rao V Ramzy D et al. Combined endothell al and myocardial protection by endothelin antago nism enhances transplant allograft preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006:129:407-15
Pinney SP. Mancini D. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy Advances in understanding its pathophysiology, pre vention, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol., 2004:19: 170-6
Mehra MR. Raval NY Metaanalysis of statins and sur vival in de novo cardiac transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004:36:1539-41
Weis M. Pehlivanli S, von Scheidt W. Vasodilator res ponse to nifedipine in human coronary arteries with endothelial dysfunction J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002:30:172-80
Bae JH, Rihal CS, Edwards BS et al Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and serum flipids with plaque regression in cardiac allograft ves culopathy. Transplantation, 2006.821108-11
Bonaros NE. Kocher A, Dunkler Diet al. Comparison of combined prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus hyperim mune globulin plus ganciclovir versus cytomegalov rus hyperimmune globulin alone in high-risk heart transplant recipients. Transplantation, 2004:77890-7
Kutschka 1, Pething K. Strüber Met al. Homocysteine a treatable risk factor for allograft vascular disease after heart transplantation? J Heart Lung Transplant, 2001:20:743-6
Lim DS, Mooradian SJ. Goldberg CS et al. Effect of oral L-arginine on oxidant stress, endothelial dysfunc tion, and systemic arterial pressure in young cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol. 2004-94 828-31.
Fang JC, Kinlay S. Beltrame J et al. Effect of vitamins Cand E on progression of transplant-associated arte riosclerosis: A randomised trial. Lancet, 2002:359 1108-13.
Iwanaga K. Hasegawa T. Hultquist DE et al. Riboflavin mediated reduction of oxidant injury, rejection, and vasculopathy after cardiac allotransplantation Transplantation, 2007.83:747-53.
Kobashigawa JA, Patel J. Furukawa H et al. Five-year results of a randomized, single-center study of tacroli mus vs microemulsion cyclosporine in heart transp lant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2006:25:434-9
Meiser BM, Groetzner J, Kaczmarek I et al. Tacrolimus or cyclosporine: which is the better partner for mycop henolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients? Transplantation, 2004:78:591-8
Petrakopoulou P., Anthopoulou L. Muschall M et al. Coronary eridothelial vasomotor function and vascu lar remodeling in heart transplant recipients randomi zed for tacrolimus or cyclosporine immunosuppressi on. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006:47:1622-9.
Keogh A, Richardson M. Ruygrok P et al. Sirolimus in de novo heart transplarit recipients reduces acute rejection and prevents coronary artery disease at 2 years Circulation, 2004:110:2694-700.
Segovia J, Alonso-Pulpon L-Ortiz Pet al. Rapastat: evaluation of the role of oral sirolimus in the treatment of established graft vessel disease. A prospective, ran domized intravascular ultrasound study. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 2004:23:51-2.
Eisen HJ. Tuzcu EM, Dorent R et al. Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2003,349:847-58.
Raichlin E. Edwards B. Clavell A et al. Sirolimus as pri-mary immunosuppression prevents progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: A 30 IVUS study. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007:26:69-70
Miller LW Donohue TJ. Wolford TA. The surgical management of allograft coronary disease: A para dam shift Semin. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996: 81338
Benza RL, Zoghbi GJ, Tallaj J et al. Palliation of allo graff vasculopathy with transluminal angioplasty-a decade of experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004: 43:1973-81.
Simpson L, Lee EK, Hott BJ, Vega DJ, Book WM Long-term results of angioplasty vs stenting in cardiac transplant recipients with allograft vasculopathy. J. Heart Lung Transplant, 2005:24:1211-7.
Bader FM, Kfoury AG, Gilbert EM et al. Percutaneous coronary interventions with stents in cardiac transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2006: 25:298-301
Musci M, Loebe M, Wellnhofer E et al. Coronary angio plasty, bypass surgery, and retransplantation in cardi-ac transplant patients with graft coronary disease. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998:46:268-74.
Taylor DO, Stehlik J, Edwards LB et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-sixth Official Adult Heart Transplant Report-2009. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2009;28:1007-22.
Rayburn BK. Other long term complications. In Kırklin JKYoung JB, McGiffin DC(eds): Heart Transplantation, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002,666-702
John R, Rajasinghe HA, Chen JM et al. Long-term outcomes after cardiac transplantation: An experien-ce based on different eras of immunosuppressive the-rapy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001;72:440-9.
Esper E, Glagov S. Karp RB et al. Role of hypercholes terolemia in accelerated transplant coronary vasculo-pathy: Results of surgical therapy with partial ileal bypass in rabbits undergoing heterotopic heart transp lantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1997:16:420-35.
Braith RW Howard C. Fricker FJ. Mitchell M. Edwards DG. Glucocorticoid induced osteopenia in adolescent heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000:19:840-5
Ying Al, Myerowitz PD, Marsh WL. post transplantati on lymphoproliferative disorder in cardiac transplant allografts. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997,64:1822-4.
White-Williams C. Quality of life after heart transplan tation. In: Kirklin JK, Young JB, McGiffin DC eds. Heart Transplantation. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone: 2002.p:703-13
Lough ME. Quality of life for heart transplant recipi ents. J Cardiovasc Nurs, 1988:2:11-22.
Evangelista LS, Dracup K. Moser DK et al. Two-year follow-up of quality of life in patients referred for heart transplant. Heart Lung, 2005,34:187-93
Aravot D. Berman M, Ben-Gal T, Sahar G. Vidne B. Functional status and quality of life of heart transplant recipients surviving beyond 5 years. Transplant Proc. 2000:32:731-2