Erkek İnfertilitesinde Hormonların, Adjuvan Tedavilerin ve PRP’nin Yeri

Wide L, Naessen T, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Eriksson K. Sulfonation and sialylation of gonadotropins in women during the menstrual cycle, after menopause, and with polycystic ovarian syndrome and in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4410–7.

Campo S, Andreone L, Ambao V, Urrutia M, Calandra RS, Rulli SB. Hormonal regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone glycosylation in males. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:17.

Boepple PA, Hayes FJ, Dwyer AA, Raivio T, Lee H, Crowley WF Jr, et al. Relative roles of inhibin B and sex steroids in the negative feedback regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone in men across the full spectrum of seminiferous epithelium function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1809–14.

Meroni SB, Galardo MN, Rindone G, Gorga A, Riera MF, Cigorraga SB. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in Sertoli cell proliferation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:224.

Tapanainen JS, Aittom€aki K, Min J, Vaskivuo T, Huhtaniemi IT. Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Nat Genet 1997;15:205–6.

Zheng J, Mao J, Cui M, Liu Z, Wang X, Xiong S, et al. Novel FSH mutation in a male patient with isolated FSH deficiency and infertility. Eur J Med Genet 2017;60:335–9.

Sharpe RM, McKinnell C, Kivlin C, Fisher JS. Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells, and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood. Reproduction 2003;125:769–84.

Verhoeven G, Cailleau J. Follicle-stimulating hormone and androgens increase the concentration of the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 1988;122:1541–50.

Gupta A, Vats A, Ghosal A, Mandal K, Sarkar R, Bhattacharya I, et al. Folliclestimulating hormone-mediated decline in miR-92a-3p expression in pubertal mice Sertoli cells is crucial for germ cell differentiation and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022;79:136.

Young J, Xu C, Papadakis GE, Acierno JS, Maione L, Hietam€aki J, et al. Clinical management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr Rev 2019;40:669–710.

Acosta AA, Oehninger S, Ertunc H, Philput C. Possible role of pure human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of severe male-factor infertility by assisted reproduction: preliminary report. Fertil Steril 1991;55:1150–6.

Bartoov B, Eltes F, Lunenfeld E, Har-Even D, Lederman H, Lunenfeld B. Sperm quality of subfertile males before and after treatment with human folliclestimulating hormone. Fertil Steril 1994;61:727–34.

Attia AA, Abou-Setta AM, Al-Inany HG. Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;8:CD005071.

Simoni M, Santi D. FSH treatment for male idiopathic infertility: time for a paradigm change. Andrology 2020;8:435–44.

Caroppo E, Colpi GM. Hormonal treatment of men with nonobstructive azoospermia: what does the evidence suggest? J Clin Med 2021;10:387.

Aydos K, Unlu C, Demirel LC, Evirgen O, Tolunay O. The effect of pure FSH € administration in non-obstructive azoospermic men on testicular sperm retrieval. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;108:54–8.

Fowler RE, Edwards RG. Induction of superovulation and pregnancy in mature mice by gonadotrophins. J Endocrinol 1957;15:374–84.

Ramaswamy S, Marshall GR, McNeilly AS, Plant TM. Dynamics of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-inhibin B feedback loop and its role in regulating spermatogenesis in the adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as revealed by unilateral orchidectomy. Endocrinology 2000; 141:18–27.

Paradisi R, Natali F, Fabbri R, Battaglia C, Seracchioli R, Venturoli S. Evidence for a stimulatory role of high doses of recombinant human folliclestimulating hormone in the treatment of male-factor infertility. Andrologia 2014;46:1067–72.

Damber JE, Abramsson L, Duchek M. Tamoxifen treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia: effect on hCG-induced testicular steroidogenesis and semen variables. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1989;23:241–6.

Chehab M, Madala A, Trussell JC. On-label and off-label drugs used in the treatment of male infertility. Fertil Steril 2015;103:595–604.

Chua ME, Escusa KG, Luna S, Tapia LC, Dofitas B, Morales M. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a metaanalysis. Andrology 2013;1:749–57.

Moein MR, Tabibnejad N, Ghasemzadeh J. Beneficial effect of tamoxifen on sperm recovery in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2012;44(Suppl. 1):194–8.

Patel DP, Brant WO, Myers JB, Presson AP, Johnstone EB, Dorais JA, et al. The safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate in hypoandrogenic and subfertile men. Int J Impot Res 2015;27:221–4.

Kadioglu TC, Ko¨ksal IT, Tunc¸ M, Nane I, Tellaloglu S. Treatment of idiopathic and postvaricocelectomy oligozoospermia with oral tamoxifen citrate. BJU Int 1999;83:646–8.

Kotoulas IG, Cardamakis E, Michopoulos J, Mitropoulos D, Dounis A. Tamoxifen treatment in male infertility. I. Effect on spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 1994;61:911–4.

Tsourdi E, Kourtis A, Farmakiotis D, Katsikis I, Salmas M, Panidis D. The effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. Fertil Steril 2009;91(Suppl.): 1427–30.

Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS. Gonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Androl 2007;28:644–6.

Buchter D, Behre HM, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Pulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 cases. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:298–303.

Han TS, Bouloux PM. What is the optimal therapy for young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;72:731–7.

Liu L, Banks SM, Barnes KM, Sherins RJ. Two-year comparison of testicular responses to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone and exogenous gonadotropins from the inception of therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1140–5.

Hsieh TC, Pastuszak AW, Hwang K, Lipshultz LI. Concomitant intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin preserves spermatogenesis in men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. J Urol 2013;189:647–50.

Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettocchi C, Jones TH, Kliesch S. EAU Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism. Available at: http://uroweb. org/guideline/male-hypogonadism/. Accessed November 2017.

Ribeiro MA, Gameiro LF, Scarano WR, Briton-Jones C, Kapoor MB, Rosa MB, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of oligozoospermic or azoospermic men: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JBRA Assist Reprod 2016;20:82–8.

Raman JD, Schlegel PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol 2002;167:624–9.

Loves S, Ruinemans-Koerts J, de Boer H. Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:741-7.

Stephens SM, Polotsky AJ. Big enough for an aromatase inhibitor? How adiposity affects male fertility. Semin Reprod Med 2013;31:251–7.

Dabaja AA, Schlegel PN. Medical treatment of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol 2014;3:9–16.

Leder BZ, Rohrer JL, Rubin SD, Gallo J, Longcope C. Effects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1174–80.

Sokol RZ, Steiner BS, Bustillo M, Petersen G, Swerdloff RS. A controlled comparison of the efficacy of clomiphene citrate in male infertility. Fertil Steril. 1988;49(5):865–70.

Mandal A, Chattopadhyay S, Sasmal C, Maiti TK, Bhattacharyya S. Effects of clomiphene citrate on seminal parameters in idiopathic oligospermia: a single blinded prospective randomized controlled trial. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2019;9(1):94.

Mićić S, Dotlić R. Evaluation of sperm parameters in clinical Trial with Clomiphene Citrate of Oligospermic men. J Urol. 1985;133(2):221–2.

Haje M, Naoom K. Combined tamoxifen and L-Carnitine therapies for the treatment of idiopathic male infertility attending intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Infertil Fetal Med. 2015;6(1):20–4.

Pavlovich CP, King P, Goldstein M, Schlegel PN: Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J Urol 2001, 165: 837–841.

Majzoub A, Arafa M, Al Said S, Agarwal A, Seif A, Al Naimi A, El Bardisi H: Outcome of testicular sperm extraction in nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome patients: what is the best approach? Andrologia 2016, 48:171–176.

Reifsnyder JE, Ramasamy R, Husseini J, Schlegel PN: Role of optimizing testosterone before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2012, 188:532–536.

Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12: CD007411.

Fazli F, Torkashvand H, Soltanian AR, Babalhavaeji A, Olomi H, Pilehvari S. Effects of Testicular Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection on Sperm Parameters in Men with Severe Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT): A Clinical Evaluation. Int J Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul 13;18(Suppl 1):71-76. doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2024.2011066.1535.

Mohamed A, Fathi M, Shamaa AA, El Shahat KH. Impact of autologous platelet- rich plasma used for treatment of oligospermia in dogs on the quqlity of semen and testicular blood flow. Vet Res Commun. 2025 May 1;49(3):182. doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10734-8.

Wide L, Naessen T, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Eriksson K. Sulfonation and sialylation of gonadotropins in women during the menstrual cycle, after menopause, and with polycystic ovarian syndrome and in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4410–7.

Campo S, Andreone L, Ambao V, Urrutia M, Calandra RS, Rulli SB. Hormonal regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone glycosylation in males. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:17.

Boepple PA, Hayes FJ, Dwyer AA, Raivio T, Lee H, Crowley WF Jr, et al. Relative roles of inhibin B and sex steroids in the negative feedback regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone in men across the full spectrum of seminiferous epithelium function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1809–14.

Meroni SB, Galardo MN, Rindone G, Gorga A, Riera MF, Cigorraga SB. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in Sertoli cell proliferation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:224.

Tapanainen JS, Aittom€aki K, Min J, Vaskivuo T, Huhtaniemi IT. Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Nat Genet 1997;15:205–6.

Zheng J, Mao J, Cui M, Liu Z, Wang X, Xiong S, et al. Novel FSH mutation in a male patient with isolated FSH deficiency and infertility. Eur J Med Genet 2017;60:335–9.

Sharpe RM, McKinnell C, Kivlin C, Fisher JS. Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells, and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood. Reproduction 2003;125:769–84.

Verhoeven G, Cailleau J. Follicle-stimulating hormone and androgens increase the concentration of the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 1988;122:1541–50.

Gupta A, Vats A, Ghosal A, Mandal K, Sarkar R, Bhattacharya I, et al. Folliclestimulating hormone-mediated decline in miR-92a-3p expression in pubertal mice Sertoli cells is crucial for germ cell differentiation and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022;79:136.

Young J, Xu C, Papadakis GE, Acierno JS, Maione L, Hietam€aki J, et al. Clinical management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr Rev 2019;40:669–710.

Acosta AA, Oehninger S, Ertunc H, Philput C. Possible role of pure human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of severe male-factor infertility by assisted reproduction: preliminary report. Fertil Steril 1991;55:1150–6.

Bartoov B, Eltes F, Lunenfeld E, Har-Even D, Lederman H, Lunenfeld B. Sperm quality of subfertile males before and after treatment with human folliclestimulating hormone. Fertil Steril 1994;61:727–34.

Attia AA, Abou-Setta AM, Al-Inany HG. Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;8:CD005071.

Simoni M, Santi D. FSH treatment for male idiopathic infertility: time for a paradigm change. Andrology 2020;8:435–44.

Caroppo E, Colpi GM. Hormonal treatment of men with nonobstructive azoospermia: what does the evidence suggest? J Clin Med 2021;10:387.

Aydos K, Unlu C, Demirel LC, Evirgen O, Tolunay O. The effect of pure FSH € administration in non-obstructive azoospermic men on testicular sperm retrieval. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;108:54–8.

Fowler RE, Edwards RG. Induction of superovulation and pregnancy in mature mice by gonadotrophins. J Endocrinol 1957;15:374–84.

Ramaswamy S, Marshall GR, McNeilly AS, Plant TM. Dynamics of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-inhibin B feedback loop and its role in regulating spermatogenesis in the adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as revealed by unilateral orchidectomy. Endocrinology 2000; 141:18–27.

Paradisi R, Natali F, Fabbri R, Battaglia C, Seracchioli R, Venturoli S. Evidence for a stimulatory role of high doses of recombinant human folliclestimulating hormone in the treatment of male-factor infertility. Andrologia 2014;46:1067–72.

Damber JE, Abramsson L, Duchek M. Tamoxifen treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia: effect on hCG-induced testicular steroidogenesis and semen variables. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1989;23:241–6.

Chehab M, Madala A, Trussell JC. On-label and off-label drugs used in the treatment of male infertility. Fertil Steril 2015;103:595–604.

Chua ME, Escusa KG, Luna S, Tapia LC, Dofitas B, Morales M. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a metaanalysis. Andrology 2013;1:749–57.

Moein MR, Tabibnejad N, Ghasemzadeh J. Beneficial effect of tamoxifen on sperm recovery in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2012;44(Suppl. 1):194–8.

Patel DP, Brant WO, Myers JB, Presson AP, Johnstone EB, Dorais JA, et al. The safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate in hypoandrogenic and subfertile men. Int J Impot Res 2015;27:221–4.

Kadioglu TC, Ko¨ksal IT, Tunc¸ M, Nane I, Tellaloglu S. Treatment of idiopathic and postvaricocelectomy oligozoospermia with oral tamoxifen citrate. BJU Int 1999;83:646–8.

Kotoulas IG, Cardamakis E, Michopoulos J, Mitropoulos D, Dounis A. Tamoxifen treatment in male infertility. I. Effect on spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 1994;61:911–4.

Tsourdi E, Kourtis A, Farmakiotis D, Katsikis I, Salmas M, Panidis D. The effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. Fertil Steril 2009;91(Suppl.): 1427–30.

Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS. Gonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Androl 2007;28:644–6.

Buchter D, Behre HM, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Pulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 cases. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:298–303.

Han TS, Bouloux PM. What is the optimal therapy for young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;72:731–7.

Liu L, Banks SM, Barnes KM, Sherins RJ. Two-year comparison of testicular responses to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone and exogenous gonadotropins from the inception of therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1140–5.

Hsieh TC, Pastuszak AW, Hwang K, Lipshultz LI. Concomitant intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin preserves spermatogenesis in men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. J Urol 2013;189:647–50.

Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettocchi C, Jones TH, Kliesch S. EAU Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism. Available at: http://uroweb. org/guideline/male-hypogonadism/. Accessed November 2017.

Ribeiro MA, Gameiro LF, Scarano WR, Briton-Jones C, Kapoor MB, Rosa MB, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of oligozoospermic or azoospermic men: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JBRA Assist Reprod 2016;20:82–8.

Raman JD, Schlegel PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol 2002;167:624–9.

Loves S, Ruinemans-Koerts J, de Boer H. Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:741-7.

Stephens SM, Polotsky AJ. Big enough for an aromatase inhibitor? How adiposity affects male fertility. Semin Reprod Med 2013;31:251–7.

Dabaja AA, Schlegel PN. Medical treatment of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol 2014;3:9–16.

Leder BZ, Rohrer JL, Rubin SD, Gallo J, Longcope C. Effects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1174–80.

Sokol RZ, Steiner BS, Bustillo M, Petersen G, Swerdloff RS. A controlled comparison of the efficacy of clomiphene citrate in male infertility. Fertil Steril. 1988;49(5):865–70.

Mandal A, Chattopadhyay S, Sasmal C, Maiti TK, Bhattacharyya S. Effects of clomiphene citrate on seminal parameters in idiopathic oligospermia: a single blinded prospective randomized controlled trial. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2019;9(1):94.

Mićić S, Dotlić R. Evaluation of sperm parameters in clinical Trial with Clomiphene Citrate of Oligospermic men. J Urol. 1985;133(2):221–2.

Haje M, Naoom K. Combined tamoxifen and L-Carnitine therapies for the treatment of idiopathic male infertility attending intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Infertil Fetal Med. 2015;6(1):20–4.

Pavlovich CP, King P, Goldstein M, Schlegel PN: Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J Urol 2001, 165: 837–841.

Majzoub A, Arafa M, Al Said S, Agarwal A, Seif A, Al Naimi A, El Bardisi H: Outcome of testicular sperm extraction in nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome patients: what is the best approach? Andrologia 2016, 48:171–176.

Reifsnyder JE, Ramasamy R, Husseini J, Schlegel PN: Role of optimizing testosterone before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2012, 188:532–536.

Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12: CD007411.

Fazli F, Torkashvand H, Soltanian AR, Babalhavaeji A, Olomi H, Pilehvari S. Effects of Testicular Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection on Sperm Parameters in Men with Severe Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT): A Clinical Evaluation. Int J Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul 13;18(Suppl 1):71-76. doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2024.2011066.1535.

Mohamed A, Fathi M, Shamaa AA, El Shahat KH. Impact of autologous platelet- rich plasma used for treatment of oligospermia in dogs on the quqlity of semen and testicular blood flow. Vet Res Commun. 2025 May 1;49(3):182. doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10734-8.