Tekrarlayan Gebelik Kayıplarının (RPL) Tanımı ve Yönetimi

Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E, Saito S, et al. Recurrent pregnancy loss. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020;6,98.

Carp H. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Causes, Controversies and Treatment. 3rd ed. Series in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2020

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive M. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(5):1103-1111. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.048

Ford HB, Schust DJ. Recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2009;2: 76-83

Larsen EC, Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, et al. New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage. BMC medicine 2013;11: 154

Li TC, Makris M, Tomsu M, et al. Recurrent miscarriage: aetiology, management and prognosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2002; 8(5): 463–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.5. 463 PMID: 12398226

Diejomaoh MFE. Recurrent spontaneous miscarriage is still a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic quagmire. Med Princ Pract. 2015; 24 Suppl 1: 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365973

ACOG practice bulletin: No 24, Feb 2001, Management of Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss. (2002). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2001;78(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00197-2

Bardos J, Hercz D, Friedenthal J, et al. A national survey on public perceptions of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;125(6):1313-1320. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000859

Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, et al. ESHRE guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss: an update in 2022. Hum Reprod Open. 2023;2023(1):hoad002. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoad002

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The Investigation and Treatment of Couples with Recurrent Firsttrimester and Second-Trimester Miscarriage; Green-Top Guideline No. 17; RCOG: London, UK, 2011; Available online: https: //www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg17/

Toth B, Würfel W, Bohlmann M, et al. Recurrent miscarriage: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/050). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78: 364–381.

Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1997; 2: 387–9.

Quenby S, Farquharson RG. Human chorionic gonadotropin supplementation in recurring pregnancy loss: a controlled trial. Fertil Steril 1994; 4: 708–10.

Huang T, Owolabi T, Summers AM, et al. The identification of risk of spontaneous fetal loss through second-trimester maternal serum screening. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 193, 395–403.

Jaslow CR, Carney JL, Kutteh WH. Diagnostic factors identified in 1020 women with two versus three or more recurrent pregnancy losses. Fertil Steril. 2010; 93, 1234–1243.

Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Katano K, et al. Abnormal embryonic karyotype is the most frequent cause of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2297–2303.

Werner M, Reh A, Grifo J, et al. Characteristics of chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed after spontaneous abortions in an infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29(8):817–820

Sierra S, Stephenson M. Genetics of recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med. 2006;24(1):17.

Yatsenko SA, Quesada-Candela C, Saller DN, et al. Cytogenetic signatures of recurrent pregnancy losses. Prenat Diagn. 2021;41(1):70-78. doi:10.1002/pd.5838

Hyde KJ, Schust DJ. Genetic Considerations in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2015; 5, a023119

American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: A committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 2020;113(3), 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.025

Li YH & Marren A. Recurrent pregnancy loss: A summary of international evidencebased guidelines and Practice. Australian Journal of General Practice, 2018;47(7), 432–436. https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-01-18-4459

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Recurrent pregnancy loss. Strombeek-Bever: ESHRE; 2017 [https://www. eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Recurrent-pregnancy-loss.aspx

Leible S, Munoz H, Walton R, et al. Uterine artery blood flow velocity waveforms in pregnant women with mullerian duct anomaly: a biologic model for uteroplacental insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(5):1048-1053. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70546-0.

Graupera B, Pascual MA, Hereter L, et al. Accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound compared with magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomalies using ESHRE-ESGE consensus on the classification of congenital anomalies of the female genital tract. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46(5):616-622. doi:10.1002/uog.14825

Cekdemir YE, Mutlu U, Acar D, et al. The accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomalies and its concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;42(1):67- 73. doi:10.1080/01443615.2021.1877646.

Grimbizis GF, Camus M, Tarlatzis BC, et al. Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Hum Reprod Update. 2001;7(2):161–174

Valle RF, Ekpo GE. Hysteroscopic metroplasty for the septate uterus: review and meta-analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20(1): 22–42

Akhtar MA, Saravelos SH, Li TC, et al, Gynaecologists. reproductive implications and management of congenital uterine anomalies: Scientific Impact Paper No. 62 November 2019. BJOG. 2020;127(5):e1-e13. doi:10.1111/1471- 0528.15968.

Alborzi S, Asadi N, Zolghadri J, et al. Laparoscopic metroplasty in bicornuate and didelphic uteri. Fertil Steril. 2009; 92(1):352–355. 19.

Brucker SY, Rall K, Campo R, et al. Treatment of congenital malformations. Semin Reprod Med. 2011;29(2):101–112

Grimbizis GF, Gordts S, Di Spiezio SA, et al. The ESHRE/ESGE consensus on the classification of female genital tract congenital anomalies. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(8):2032–44.

Pfeifer SM, Attaran M, Goldstein J, et al. ASRM mullerian anomalies classification 2021. Fertil Steril. 2021;116(5):1238–52

Shah K, Bhat P, Bhat R, et al. An update on recurrent early pregnancy loss: causes, controversies and cure. J Clin Diagn Res. 2018;12:QE01-QE05

Bajekal N, Li TC. Fibroids, infertility and pregnancy wastage. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 614–20

Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005

Deans R, Abbott J. Review of intrauterine adhesions. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2010;17(5):555–569

Regan L, Rai R, Saravelos S, et al. Recurrent Miscarriage Green‐top Guideline No. 17. RCOG Green‐top Guidelines. BJOG 2023. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17515

McNamee KM, Dawood F, Farquharson RG. Mid-trimester pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(1):87–102.

Gilner J, Biggio J. Management of Short Cervix during Pregnancy: A Review. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(3):245–52.

Drakeley AJ, Roberts D, Alfirevic Z. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003;2003(1):CD003253.

McQueen DB, Perfetto CO, Hazard FK, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic endometritis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(4):927–931.

Bouet PE, El Hachem H, Monceau E, et al. Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure: prevalence and role of office hysteroscopy and immunohistochemistry in diagnosis. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(1): 106–110.

Peuranpää P, Holster T, Saqib S, et al. Female reproductive tract microbiota and recurrent pregnancy loss: A nested case-control study. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2022;45(6):1021–1031.

Hirahara F, Andoh N, Sawai K, et al. Hyperprolactinemic recurrent miscarriage and results of randomized bromocriptine treatment trials. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(2):246–252

Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, et al. Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss. Lancet 2021;397:1658–67.

Coomarasamy A, Dhillon-Smith RK, Papadopoulou A, et al. Recurrent miscarriage: evidence to accelerate action. Lancet 2021;397:1675–82

Cleary-Goldman J, Malone FD, Lambert-Messerlian G, et al. Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(1):85–92.

Liu H, Shan Z, Li C, et al. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid autoimmunity, and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Thyroid. 2014;24(11):1642–1649.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Subclinical hypothyroidism in the infertile female population: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2024;121(5):765-782. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.12.038

Dhillon-Smith RK, Boelaert K, Jeve YB, et al. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Antithyroid Autoantibodies in Women with Subfertility or Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Scientific Impact Paper No. 70. BJOG. 2022 Nov;129(12):e75–88.

Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315–89.

Cocksedge KA, Saravelos SH, Metwally M, et al. How common is polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage? Reprod. BioMedicine Online 2009;19, 572–576.

Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS. Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2008;26, 72–84

Kazerooni T, Gahffarpasand F, Asadi N, et al. Correlation between thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A comparative study. J Chin Med Assoc 2013;76:282–88

Zolghadri J, Tavana Z, Kazerooni T, et al. Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: A prospective clinical study. Fertil Steril 2008;90:727–30.

Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, et al. ESHRE guideline: Recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum. Reprod. Open 2018, 2018;6;2018(2):hoy004. doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoy004.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine . Current clinical irrelevance of luteal phase deficiency: a committee opinion Fertil Steril. 2015;103(4):e27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.12.128.

Yengel I, Yorulmaz T, Api M. Association between FVL G1691A, FII G20210A, and MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and Turkish women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Med Glas (Zenica). 2020;17(1):129-135. doi: 10.17392/1062-20

Bigdeli R, Younesi MR, Panahnejad E, et al. Association between thrombophilia gene polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss risk in the Iranian population. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2018;64(4): 274-282. doi: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1456576

Wolski H, Barlik M, Drews K, et al. Contribution of inherited thrombophilia to recurrent miscarriage in the Polish population. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88(7):385-392. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2017.0072

Fakhr-Eldeen A, Badawy A, Abu Alsel B, et al. Factor V Leiden G1691A and Prothrombin G20210A mutations are associated with repeated spontaneous miscarriage in Northern area of Saudi Arabia Genet. Mol. Res. 2017;16(4): gmr16039810 doi: 10.4238/gmr16039810

Dizon-Townson D, Miller C, Sibai B, et al. The relationship of the factor V Leiden mutation and pregnancy outcomes for mother and fetus. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(3):517–524. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000173986.32528.ca

Silver RM, Zhao Y, Spong CY, et al. Prothrombin gene G20210A mutation and obstetric complications. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (NICHD MFMU) Network. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):14–20. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c88918

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women’s Health Care Physicians. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 138: inherited thrombophilias in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(3):706–717

Liu X, Chen Y, Ye C, et al. Hereditary thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Hum Reprod. 2021;36(5):1213–29

Rai RS, Regan L, Chitolie A, et al. Placental thrombosis and second trimester miscarriage in association with activated protein C resistance. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(8):842–4.

Zhou WJ, Yang HL, Mei J, et al. Fructose1,6-bisphosphate prevents pregnancy loss by inducing decidual COX-2(+) macrophage differentiation. Sci Adv 2022;8: eabj2488

Sammaritano LR. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020;34:101463

Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J. Thromb. Haemost. 2006;4:295–306

Kutteh WH, Hinote CD. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(1):113–132

Brezina PR, Kutteh WH. Classic and cutting-edge strategies for the management of early pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(1):1–18

Ziakas PD, Pavlou M, Voulgarelis M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:1256–1262

D'Ippolito S, Ticconi C, Tersigni C, et al. The pathogenic role of autoantibodies in recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020;83:e13200

Kutteh WH, Yetman DL, Carr AC, et al. Increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies identified in women with recurrent pregnancy loss but not in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril. 1999;71(5):843-848.

Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(Suppl 1):S1-47.

Esplin MS, Branch DW, Silver R, et al. Thyroid autoantibodies are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 1 6(Pt 1): 1583–6

Coulam CB, Acacio B. Does immunotherapy for treatment of reproductive failure enhance live births? Am J Reprod Immunol 2012;67(4):296–304

Wong LF, Porter TF, Scott JR. Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;10:CD000112

Ng SC, Gilman-Sachs A, Thaker P et al. Expression of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, implantation failures after IVF/ET or normal pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48: 77–86

Kwak-Kim JY, Chung-Bang HS, Ng SC et al. Increased T helper 1 cytokine responses by circulating T cells are present in women with recurrent pregnancy losses and in infertile women with multiple implantation failures after IVF. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 767–773

ACOG practice bulletin. Management of recurrent pregnancy loss. Number 24, February 2001. (Replaces Technical Bulletin Number 212, September 1995). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin 2001; 24: 1–12.

Ryan CE, Schust DJ. Recurrent pregnancy loss. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. p. 1.03. eBook ISBN: 9781003222590.

Egerup P, Lindschou J, Gluud C, et al. The effects of immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulins versus no intervention, placebo, or usual care in patients with recurrent miscarriages: a protocol for a systematic review with metaanalyses, trial sequential analyses, and individual patient data meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials. Syst Rev 2014;3:89

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins. Obstetrics Practice Bulletin No. 118: Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011;117, 192–199.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women’s Health Care Physicians. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 138: Inherited thrombophilias in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013;122:706–716

Vomstein K, Feil K, Strobel L, et al. Immunological risk factors in recurrent pregnancy loss: guidelines versus current state of the art. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):869.

Christiansen OB, Mathiesen O, Lauritsen JG, Grunnet N. Idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion. Evidence of a familial predisposition. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990;69(7–8):597–601.

Kolte AM, Nielsen HS, Moltke I, et al. A genome-wide scan in affected sibling pairs with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage suggests genetic linkage. Mol Hum Reprod. 2011;17(6):379–385

Lund M, Kamper-Jørgensen M, Nielsen HS, et al. Prognosis for live birth in women with recurrent miscarriage: what is the best measure of success? Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(1):37–43

Kling C, Magez J, Hedderich J, et al. Two-year outcome after recurrent first trimester miscarriages: prognostic value of the past obstetric history. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(5): 1113–1123.

Scott JR, Pattison N. Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2: CD000101

Devall AJ, Papadopoulou A, Podesek M, at al. Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021; 4. Art. No.: CD013792. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013792.pub2

Arab H, Alharbi AJ, Oraif A, et al. The Role of Progestogens In Threatened And Idiopathic Recurrent Miscarriage. Int. J. Women’s Health 2019;11:589–596.

Bashiri A, Galperin G, Zeadna A, et al. Increased live birth rate with dydrogesterone among patients with recurrent pregnancy loss regardless of other treatments. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):1967.

Carp H. Immunotherapy for recurrent pregnancy loss. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019;60:77–86

Wong LF, Porter TF, Scott JR. Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;10:CD000112.

Roussev RG, Ng SC, Coulam CB. Natural killer cell functional activity suppression by intravenous immunoglobulin, intralipid and soluble human leukocyte antigen-G. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 57: 262–269

Ticconi C, Pietropolli A, Di Simone N, et al. Endometrial immune dysfunction in recurrent pregnancy loss. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:5332

Hisano, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Kwak-Kim, J.; Sugiyama, R.; Sago, H.; Yamaguchi, K. Changes in the T-helper 1 and 2 cell populations during pregnancy in tacrolimus-treated women with repeated implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum. Fertil. 2022; 25:975–982

Shahine LK, Cedars MI. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis does not increase pregnancy rates in patients at risk for aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2006;1:51–56.

Remohi J, Gallardo E, Levy M, et al. Oocyte donation in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 1996; 9: 2048–51.

Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S. Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:140–6.

Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 387–389

Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E, Saito S, et al. Recurrent pregnancy loss. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020;6,98.

Carp H. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Causes, Controversies and Treatment. 3rd ed. Series in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2020

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive M. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(5):1103-1111. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.048

Ford HB, Schust DJ. Recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2009;2: 76-83

Larsen EC, Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, et al. New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage. BMC medicine 2013;11: 154

Li TC, Makris M, Tomsu M, et al. Recurrent miscarriage: aetiology, management and prognosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2002; 8(5): 463–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.5. 463 PMID: 12398226

Diejomaoh MFE. Recurrent spontaneous miscarriage is still a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic quagmire. Med Princ Pract. 2015; 24 Suppl 1: 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365973

ACOG practice bulletin: No 24, Feb 2001, Management of Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss. (2002). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2001;78(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00197-2

Bardos J, Hercz D, Friedenthal J, et al. A national survey on public perceptions of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;125(6):1313-1320. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000859

Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, et al. ESHRE guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss: an update in 2022. Hum Reprod Open. 2023;2023(1):hoad002. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoad002

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The Investigation and Treatment of Couples with Recurrent Firsttrimester and Second-Trimester Miscarriage; Green-Top Guideline No. 17; RCOG: London, UK, 2011; Available online: https: //www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg17/

Toth B, Würfel W, Bohlmann M, et al. Recurrent miscarriage: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/050). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78: 364–381.

Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1997; 2: 387–9.

Quenby S, Farquharson RG. Human chorionic gonadotropin supplementation in recurring pregnancy loss: a controlled trial. Fertil Steril 1994; 4: 708–10.

Huang T, Owolabi T, Summers AM, et al. The identification of risk of spontaneous fetal loss through second-trimester maternal serum screening. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 193, 395–403.

Jaslow CR, Carney JL, Kutteh WH. Diagnostic factors identified in 1020 women with two versus three or more recurrent pregnancy losses. Fertil Steril. 2010; 93, 1234–1243.

Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Katano K, et al. Abnormal embryonic karyotype is the most frequent cause of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2297–2303.

Werner M, Reh A, Grifo J, et al. Characteristics of chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed after spontaneous abortions in an infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29(8):817–820

Sierra S, Stephenson M. Genetics of recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med. 2006;24(1):17.

Yatsenko SA, Quesada-Candela C, Saller DN, et al. Cytogenetic signatures of recurrent pregnancy losses. Prenat Diagn. 2021;41(1):70-78. doi:10.1002/pd.5838

Hyde KJ, Schust DJ. Genetic Considerations in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2015; 5, a023119

American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: A committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 2020;113(3), 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.025

Li YH & Marren A. Recurrent pregnancy loss: A summary of international evidencebased guidelines and Practice. Australian Journal of General Practice, 2018;47(7), 432–436. https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-01-18-4459

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Recurrent pregnancy loss. Strombeek-Bever: ESHRE; 2017 [https://www. eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Recurrent-pregnancy-loss.aspx

Leible S, Munoz H, Walton R, et al. Uterine artery blood flow velocity waveforms in pregnant women with mullerian duct anomaly: a biologic model for uteroplacental insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(5):1048-1053. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70546-0.

Graupera B, Pascual MA, Hereter L, et al. Accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound compared with magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomalies using ESHRE-ESGE consensus on the classification of congenital anomalies of the female genital tract. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46(5):616-622. doi:10.1002/uog.14825

Cekdemir YE, Mutlu U, Acar D, et al. The accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomalies and its concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;42(1):67- 73. doi:10.1080/01443615.2021.1877646.

Grimbizis GF, Camus M, Tarlatzis BC, et al. Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Hum Reprod Update. 2001;7(2):161–174

Valle RF, Ekpo GE. Hysteroscopic metroplasty for the septate uterus: review and meta-analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20(1): 22–42

Akhtar MA, Saravelos SH, Li TC, et al, Gynaecologists. reproductive implications and management of congenital uterine anomalies: Scientific Impact Paper No. 62 November 2019. BJOG. 2020;127(5):e1-e13. doi:10.1111/1471- 0528.15968.

Alborzi S, Asadi N, Zolghadri J, et al. Laparoscopic metroplasty in bicornuate and didelphic uteri. Fertil Steril. 2009; 92(1):352–355. 19.

Brucker SY, Rall K, Campo R, et al. Treatment of congenital malformations. Semin Reprod Med. 2011;29(2):101–112

Grimbizis GF, Gordts S, Di Spiezio SA, et al. The ESHRE/ESGE consensus on the classification of female genital tract congenital anomalies. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(8):2032–44.

Pfeifer SM, Attaran M, Goldstein J, et al. ASRM mullerian anomalies classification 2021. Fertil Steril. 2021;116(5):1238–52

Shah K, Bhat P, Bhat R, et al. An update on recurrent early pregnancy loss: causes, controversies and cure. J Clin Diagn Res. 2018;12:QE01-QE05

Bajekal N, Li TC. Fibroids, infertility and pregnancy wastage. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 614–20

Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005

Deans R, Abbott J. Review of intrauterine adhesions. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2010;17(5):555–569

Regan L, Rai R, Saravelos S, et al. Recurrent Miscarriage Green‐top Guideline No. 17. RCOG Green‐top Guidelines. BJOG 2023. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17515

McNamee KM, Dawood F, Farquharson RG. Mid-trimester pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(1):87–102.

Gilner J, Biggio J. Management of Short Cervix during Pregnancy: A Review. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(3):245–52.

Drakeley AJ, Roberts D, Alfirevic Z. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003;2003(1):CD003253.

McQueen DB, Perfetto CO, Hazard FK, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic endometritis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(4):927–931.

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