Tubal Ektopik Gebelik ve Yönetimi
Özet
Referanslar
Marion LL, Meeks GR. Ectopic pregnancy: History, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];55(2):376–86. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx
Marion LL, Meeks GR. Ectopic pregnancy: History, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];55(2):376–86. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx
Current Trends Ectopic Pregnancy -- United States, 1990-1992 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00035709.htm
Bouyer J, Coste J, Fernandez H, Pouly JL, Job-Spira N. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: a 10 year population-based study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2002 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];17(12):3224–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12456628/
Desforges JF, Carson SA, Buster JE. Ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1993 Oct 14 [cited 2025 Apr 22];329(16):1174–81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377783/
Barrenetxea G, Barinaga-Rementeria L, Lopez de Larruzea A, Agirregoikoa JA, Mandiola M, Carbonero K. Heterotopic pregnancy: two cases and a comparative review. Fertil Steril. 2007 Feb 1;87(2):417.e9-417.e15.
Houser M, Kandalaft N, Khati NJ. Ectopic pregnancy: a resident’s guide to imaging findings and diagnostic pitfalls. Emerg Radiol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];29(1):161–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618256/
Creanga AA, Syverson C, Seed K, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 2011-2013. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jul 9];130(2):366–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697109/
Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Gracia CR, Chittams J, Hummel AC, Shaunik A. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in women with symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2025 Apr 22];86(1):36–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730724/
Ankum WM, Mol BWJ, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PMM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996 Jun 1;65(6):1093–9.
Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, Jamieson DJ, Reynolds MA, Wright VC. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2025 Apr 22];107(3):595–604. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507930/
Perkins KM, Boulet SL, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ. Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001-2011. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];125(1):70–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25560107/
Backman T, Rauramo I, Huhtala S, Koskenvuo M. Pregnancy during the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Apr 22];190(1):50–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14749634/
Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J, Cheng L, Zhu H. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];115(6):1263–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20502299/
Practice Bulletin No. 152: Emergency Contraception. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2015 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];126(3):e1–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26287787/
Barnhart KT, Fay CA, Suescum M, Sammel MD, Appleby D, Shaunik A, et al. Clinical factors affecting the accuracy of ultrasonography in symptomatic first-trimester pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 May 10];117(2):299–306. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21252743/
Shaunik A, Kulp J, Appleby DH, Sammel MD, Barnhart KT. Utility of dilation and curettage in the diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2011 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];204(2):130.e1-130.e6. Available from: https://www.ajog.org/action/showFullText?pii=S0002937810022830
Chung K, Chandavarkar U, Opper N, Barnhart K. Reevaluating the role of dilation and curettage in the diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2025 Jun 10];96(3):659–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21733502/
Barnhart KT, Katz I, Hummel A, Gracia CR. Presumed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2002 Sep [cited 2025 Jun 10];100(3):505–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12220770/
Mehta TS, Levine D, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: Is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Jun 10];205(2):569–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356647/
Connolly A, Ryan DH, Stuebe AM, Wolfe HM. Reevaluation of discriminatory and threshold levels for serum β-hCG in early pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Jun 10];121(1):65–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23262929/
Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Bourne T, Blaivas M. Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2013 Oct 10 [cited 2025 Jun 10];369(15):1443–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106937/
Seeber BE, Sammel MD, Guo W, Zhou L, Hummel A, Barnhart KT. Application of redefined human chorionic gonadotropin curves for the diagnosis of women at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2025 Jun 10];86(2):454–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16753158/
Morse CB, Sammel MD, Shaunik A, Allen-Taylor L, Oberfoell NL, Takacs P, et al. Performance of human chorionic gonadotropin curves in women at risk for ectopic pregnancy: Exceptions to the rules. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Jun 10];97(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22192138/
Barnhart KT, Guo W, Cary MS, Morse CB, Chung K, Takacs P, et al. Differences in Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Rise in Early Pregnancy by Race and Value at Presentation. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];128(3):504–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500326/
Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, Gracia C, Hummel AC, Barnhart K. Human chorionic gonadotropin profile for women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2025 Jun 10];107(3):605–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507931/
Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Guo W. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Jun 10];104(5):975–81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516387/
Barnhart KT. Early pregnancy failure: Beware of the pitfalls of modern management. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 Nov [cited 2025 Jun 10];98(5):1061–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084007/
Addar MH. Methotrexate Embryopathy in a Surviving Intrauterine Fetus after Presumed Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy: Case Report. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Jun 10];26(11):1001–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15560863/
Nurmohamed L, Moretti ME, Schechter T, Einarson A, Johnson D, Lavigne S V., et al. Outcome following high-dose methotrexate in pregnancies misdiagnosed as ectopic. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Jun 10];205(6):533.e1-533.e3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21907957/
Barnhart K, Van Mello NM, Bourne T, Kirk E, Van Calster B, Bottomley C, et al. Pregnancy of unknown location: A consensus statement of nomenclature, definitions, and outcome. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];95(3):857–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20947073/
Rivera V, Nguyen PH, Sit A. Change in quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin after manual vacuum aspiration in women with pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2025 Jun 10];200(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19168172/
Insogna IG, Farland L V., Missmer SA, Ginsburg ES, Brady PC. Outpatient endometrial aspiration: an alternative to methotrexate for pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];217(2):185.e1-185.e9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28433735/
Rubal L, Chung K. Do you need to definitively diagnose the location of a pregnancy of unknown location? the case for “yes.” Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];98(5):1078–84. Available from: https://www.fertstert.org/action/showFullText?pii=S0015028212022522
National Clinical Practice Guideline The Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rcpi.ie/faculties/obstetricians-and-gynaecologists/national-clinical-guidelines-in-
Helmy S, Mavrelos D, Sawyer E, Ben-Nagi J, Koch M, Day A, et al. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) clearance curves in women with successfully expectantly managed tubal ectopic pregnancies: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Jul 2 [cited 2025 Jun 11];10(7). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135923/
Vadakekut ES, Gnugnoli DM. Ectopic Pregnancy. Ncbi [Internet]. 2025 Mar 27 [cited 2025 Jun 11]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/
Qiao L, Hu J, Ou D, Liu M, Shi X, Li X, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of methotrexate injection and methotrexate tablets in active RA. Rheumatology [Internet]. 2025 Jun 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];64(6):3426–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39918971/
Shen DD, Azarnoff DL. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Methotrexate. Clin Pharmacokinet [Internet]. 1978 [cited 2025 Jun 11];3(1):1–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/346283/
Huffman DH, Wan SH, Azarnoff DL, Hoogstraten B. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 1973 [cited 2025 Jun 11];14(4 PART 1):572–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4723265/
Cohen A, Zakar L, Gil Y, Amer-Alshiek J, Bibi G, Almog B, et al. Methotrexate success rates in progressing ectopic pregnancies: A reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Jun 11];211(2):128.e1-128.e5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657132/
Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 11]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview
Cheng X, Tian X, Yan Z, Jia M, Deng J, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of the Fertility Outcome of Salpingotomy and Salpingectomy in Women with Tubal Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];11(3):e0152343. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152343
Lund CO, Nilas L, Bangsgaard N, Ottesen B. Persistent ectopic pregnancy after linear salpingotomy: A non-predictable complication to conservative surgery for tubal gestation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 2002 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];81(11):1053–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12421174/
Referanslar
Marion LL, Meeks GR. Ectopic pregnancy: History, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];55(2):376–86. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx
Marion LL, Meeks GR. Ectopic pregnancy: History, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];55(2):376–86. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx
Current Trends Ectopic Pregnancy -- United States, 1990-1992 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00035709.htm
Bouyer J, Coste J, Fernandez H, Pouly JL, Job-Spira N. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: a 10 year population-based study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2002 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];17(12):3224–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12456628/
Desforges JF, Carson SA, Buster JE. Ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1993 Oct 14 [cited 2025 Apr 22];329(16):1174–81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377783/
Barrenetxea G, Barinaga-Rementeria L, Lopez de Larruzea A, Agirregoikoa JA, Mandiola M, Carbonero K. Heterotopic pregnancy: two cases and a comparative review. Fertil Steril. 2007 Feb 1;87(2):417.e9-417.e15.
Houser M, Kandalaft N, Khati NJ. Ectopic pregnancy: a resident’s guide to imaging findings and diagnostic pitfalls. Emerg Radiol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];29(1):161–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618256/
Creanga AA, Syverson C, Seed K, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 2011-2013. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jul 9];130(2):366–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697109/
Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Gracia CR, Chittams J, Hummel AC, Shaunik A. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in women with symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2025 Apr 22];86(1):36–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730724/
Ankum WM, Mol BWJ, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PMM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996 Jun 1;65(6):1093–9.
Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, Jamieson DJ, Reynolds MA, Wright VC. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2025 Apr 22];107(3):595–604. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507930/
Perkins KM, Boulet SL, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ. Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001-2011. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];125(1):70–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25560107/
Backman T, Rauramo I, Huhtala S, Koskenvuo M. Pregnancy during the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Apr 22];190(1):50–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14749634/
Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J, Cheng L, Zhu H. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2025 Apr 22];115(6):1263–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20502299/
Practice Bulletin No. 152: Emergency Contraception. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2015 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22];126(3):e1–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26287787/
Barnhart KT, Fay CA, Suescum M, Sammel MD, Appleby D, Shaunik A, et al. Clinical factors affecting the accuracy of ultrasonography in symptomatic first-trimester pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 May 10];117(2):299–306. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21252743/
Shaunik A, Kulp J, Appleby DH, Sammel MD, Barnhart KT. Utility of dilation and curettage in the diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2011 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];204(2):130.e1-130.e6. Available from: https://www.ajog.org/action/showFullText?pii=S0002937810022830
Chung K, Chandavarkar U, Opper N, Barnhart K. Reevaluating the role of dilation and curettage in the diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2025 Jun 10];96(3):659–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21733502/
Barnhart KT, Katz I, Hummel A, Gracia CR. Presumed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2002 Sep [cited 2025 Jun 10];100(3):505–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12220770/
Mehta TS, Levine D, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: Is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2025 Jun 10];205(2):569–73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356647/
Connolly A, Ryan DH, Stuebe AM, Wolfe HM. Reevaluation of discriminatory and threshold levels for serum β-hCG in early pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Jun 10];121(1):65–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23262929/
Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Bourne T, Blaivas M. Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2013 Oct 10 [cited 2025 Jun 10];369(15):1443–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106937/
Seeber BE, Sammel MD, Guo W, Zhou L, Hummel A, Barnhart KT. Application of redefined human chorionic gonadotropin curves for the diagnosis of women at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2025 Jun 10];86(2):454–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16753158/
Morse CB, Sammel MD, Shaunik A, Allen-Taylor L, Oberfoell NL, Takacs P, et al. Performance of human chorionic gonadotropin curves in women at risk for ectopic pregnancy: Exceptions to the rules. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Jun 10];97(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22192138/
Barnhart KT, Guo W, Cary MS, Morse CB, Chung K, Takacs P, et al. Differences in Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Rise in Early Pregnancy by Race and Value at Presentation. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];128(3):504–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27500326/
Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, Gracia C, Hummel AC, Barnhart K. Human chorionic gonadotropin profile for women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2025 Jun 10];107(3):605–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507931/
Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Guo W. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Jun 10];104(5):975–81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516387/
Barnhart KT. Early pregnancy failure: Beware of the pitfalls of modern management. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 Nov [cited 2025 Jun 10];98(5):1061–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084007/
Addar MH. Methotrexate Embryopathy in a Surviving Intrauterine Fetus after Presumed Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy: Case Report. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Jun 10];26(11):1001–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15560863/
Nurmohamed L, Moretti ME, Schechter T, Einarson A, Johnson D, Lavigne S V., et al. Outcome following high-dose methotrexate in pregnancies misdiagnosed as ectopic. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Jun 10];205(6):533.e1-533.e3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21907957/
Barnhart K, Van Mello NM, Bourne T, Kirk E, Van Calster B, Bottomley C, et al. Pregnancy of unknown location: A consensus statement of nomenclature, definitions, and outcome. Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];95(3):857–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20947073/
Rivera V, Nguyen PH, Sit A. Change in quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin after manual vacuum aspiration in women with pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2025 Jun 10];200(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19168172/
Insogna IG, Farland L V., Missmer SA, Ginsburg ES, Brady PC. Outpatient endometrial aspiration: an alternative to methotrexate for pregnancy of unknown location. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];217(2):185.e1-185.e9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28433735/
Rubal L, Chung K. Do you need to definitively diagnose the location of a pregnancy of unknown location? the case for “yes.” Fertil Steril [Internet]. 2012 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];98(5):1078–84. Available from: https://www.fertstert.org/action/showFullText?pii=S0015028212022522
National Clinical Practice Guideline The Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rcpi.ie/faculties/obstetricians-and-gynaecologists/national-clinical-guidelines-in-
Helmy S, Mavrelos D, Sawyer E, Ben-Nagi J, Koch M, Day A, et al. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) clearance curves in women with successfully expectantly managed tubal ectopic pregnancies: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Jul 2 [cited 2025 Jun 11];10(7). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135923/
Vadakekut ES, Gnugnoli DM. Ectopic Pregnancy. Ncbi [Internet]. 2025 Mar 27 [cited 2025 Jun 11]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/
Qiao L, Hu J, Ou D, Liu M, Shi X, Li X, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of methotrexate injection and methotrexate tablets in active RA. Rheumatology [Internet]. 2025 Jun 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];64(6):3426–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39918971/
Shen DD, Azarnoff DL. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Methotrexate. Clin Pharmacokinet [Internet]. 1978 [cited 2025 Jun 11];3(1):1–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/346283/
Huffman DH, Wan SH, Azarnoff DL, Hoogstraten B. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 1973 [cited 2025 Jun 11];14(4 PART 1):572–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4723265/
Cohen A, Zakar L, Gil Y, Amer-Alshiek J, Bibi G, Almog B, et al. Methotrexate success rates in progressing ectopic pregnancies: A reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Jun 11];211(2):128.e1-128.e5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657132/
Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 11]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview
Cheng X, Tian X, Yan Z, Jia M, Deng J, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of the Fertility Outcome of Salpingotomy and Salpingectomy in Women with Tubal Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];11(3):e0152343. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152343
Lund CO, Nilas L, Bangsgaard N, Ottesen B. Persistent ectopic pregnancy after linear salpingotomy: A non-predictable complication to conservative surgery for tubal gestation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 2002 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Jun 11];81(11):1053–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12421174/
