Tiroid ve İnfertilite İlişkisi

Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, de Mouzon J, Sokol R, Rienzi L, Sunde A, Schmidt L, Cooke ID, Simpson JL, van der Poel S. The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017. Fertil Steril. 2017 Sep;108(3):393-406. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jul 29. PMID: 28760517.

(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility Erişim: 20.04.2025)

Bendarska-Czerwińska A, Zmarzły N, Morawiec E, Panfil A, Bryś K, Czarniecka J, Ostenda A, Dziobek K, Sagan D, Boroń D, Michalski P, Pallazo-Michalska V, Grabarek BO. Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 17;13:970439. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970439. PMID: 36733805; PMCID: PMC9887196.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B. Impact of thyroid disease on fertility and assisted conception. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul;34(4):101378. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101378. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32037280.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Subclinical hypothyroidism in the infertile female population: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2024 May;121(5):765-782. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.12.038. Epub 2023 Dec 30. PMID: 38163620.

Hugh S. Taylor, Speroff’s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, Ninth edition, Wolters Kluwer, LLW, 2019

Akarsu E, Tiroid Disfonksiyonunun Reprodüktif Sistem Üzerine Etkileri, Turkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin-Special Topics. 2008;1(3):79-8

Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, Coronado-Arroyo JC, Quiroz-Aldave JE, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Paz-Ibarra J. Thyroid dysfunction and female infertility. A comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023 Nov;17(11):102876. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102876. Epub 2023 Oct 12. PMID: 37866272.

Van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, Ven der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2016 Jun;22(4):532-3. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw003. Epub 2016 Feb 22. Erratum for: Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):605-19. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmr024. PMID: 26906092.)

Joshi JV, Bhandarkar SD, Chadha M, Balaiah D, Shah R. Menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may precede thyroid dysfunction or goitre. J Postgrad Med. 1993 Jul-Sep;39(3):137-41. PMID: 8051643.

Sankoda A, Suzuki H, Imaizumi M, Yoshihara A, Kobayashi S, Katai M, Hamada K, Hidaka Y, Yoshihara A, Nakamura H, Kubota S, Kakita-Kobayashi M, Iwase A, Sugiyama T, Ota E, Arata N. Effects of Levothyroxine Treatment on Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Thyroid. 2024 Apr;34(4):519-530. doi: 10.1089/thy.2023.0546. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2024 Apr 23. doi: 10.1089/thy.2023.0546.correx. PMID: 38368537.)

Davis SL. Environmental modulation of the immune system via the endo- crine system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1998;15:283–9.

Stagnaro-Green A, Chen X, Bogden JD, Davies TF, Scholl TO. The thyroid and pregnancy: a novel risk factor for very preterm delivery. Thyroid 2005;15:351–7.

Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism before and during pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update. 2003 Mar-Apr;9(2):149-61. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmg012. PMID: 12751777.

Krassas GE, Thyroid disease and female reproduction, fertil steril 2000

Ohara N, Tsujino T, Maruo T. The role of thyroid hormone in trophoblast function, early pregnancy maintenance, and fetal neurodevelopment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004 Nov;26(11):982-90. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30420-0. PMID: 15560861.

Kakita-Kobayashi M, Murata H, Nishigaki A, Hashimoto Y, Komiya S, Tsubokura H, Kido T, Kida N, Tsuzuki-Nakao T, Matsuo Y, Bono H, Hirota K, Okada H. Thyroid Hormone Facilitates in vitro Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells via Thyroid Hormone Receptors. Endocrinology. 2020 Jun 1;161(6):bqaa049. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa049. PMID: 32242219.)

Colicchia M, Campagnolo L, Baldini E, Ulisse S, Valensise H, Moretti C. Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Nov-Dec;20(6):884-904. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu028. Epub 2014 Jun 18. PMID: 24943836.

Barber KJ, Franklyn JA, McCabe CJ, Khanim FL, Bulmer JN, Whitley GS, Kilby MD. The in vitro effects of triiodothyronine on epidermal growth factor-induced trophoblast function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1655-61. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0785. Epub 2004 Dec 14. PMID: 15598697.)

Benvenga S, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Patrizio A, Paparo SR, Camastra S, Bonofiglio D, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Nutraceuticals in Thyroidology: A Review of in Vitro, and in Vivo Animal Studies. Nutrients. 2020 May 8;12(5):1337. doi: 10.3390/nu12051337. PMID: 32397091; PMCID: PMC7285044

Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): national Health and Nutrition Examina- tion Survey (Nhanes III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489–99.

Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid dis- ease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:526–34. )

Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Mongioì LM, Alamo A, Giacone F, Cannarella R, Calogero AE. Thyroid Hormones and Spermatozoa: In VitroEffects on Sperm Mitochondria, Viability and DNA Integrity. J Clin Med. 2019 May 27;8(5):756. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050756. PMID: 31137924; PMCID: PMC6571713.

Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, Brown RS, Chen H, Dosiou C, Grobman WA, Laurberg P, Lazarus JH, Mandel SJ, Peeters RP, Sullivan S. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315-389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2017 Sep;27(9):1212. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457.correx. PMID: 28056690.

Millar LK, Wing DA, Low birth weight and preeklampsia, in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism, Marx H., Amin P., Lazarus J.H. Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. BMJ. 2008;336:663–667. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39462.709005.AE.)

Poppe K, Glinoer D, Van Steirteghem A, Tournaye H, Devroey P, Schiettecatte J, Velkeniers B. Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in infertile women. Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):997-1001. doi: 10.1089/105072502320908330. PMID: 12490077.

Petca A, Dimcea DA, Dumitrașcu MC, Șandru F, Mehedințu C, Petca RC. Management of Hyperthyroidism during Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 24;12(5):1811. D oi: 10.3390/jcm12051811. PMID: 36902600; PMCID: PMC10003540.

Anelli V, Gatta E, Pirola I, Delbarba A, Rotondi M, Cappelli C. Thyroid impairment and male fertility: a narrative review of literature. Aging Male. 2024 Dec;27(1):2310303. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2024.2310303. Epub 2024 Feb 12. PMID: 38347677.

Hu X, Chen Y, Shen Y, Tian R, Sheng Y, Que H. Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 13;10:1020709. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020709. PMID: 36311599; PMCID: PMC9608544.

Kutteh WH, Schoolcraft WB, Scott RT Jr. Antithyroid antibodies do not affect pregnancy outcome in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod. 1999 Nov;14(11):2886-90. doi: 10.1093/humrep/14.11.2886. PMID: 10548642.

Xie J, Jiang L, Sadhukhan A, Yang S, Yao Q, Zhou P, Rao J, Jin M. Effect of antithyroid antibodies on women with recurrent miscarriage: A meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020 Jun;83(6):e13238. doi: 10.1111/aji.13238. Epub 2020 Apr 11. PMID: 32198952; PMCID: PMC7317526.

Eisenberg VH, Zolti M, Soriano D. Is there an association between autoimmunity and endometriosis? Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Sep;11(11):806-14. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.01.005. Epub 2012 Feb 4. PMID: 22330229.

Hasegawa Y, Kitahara Y, Osuka S, Tsukui Y, Kobayashi M, Iwase A. Effect of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity on the ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Med Biol. 2021 Dec 7;21(1):e12427. doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12427. PMID: 34934402; PMCID: PMC8656199.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B, Anckaert E, Schiettecatte J, Tournaye H, Haentjens P, Poppe K. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies: is there any added value in the detection of thyroid autoimmunity in women consulting for fertility treatment? Thyroid. 2013 Aug;23(8):1022-8. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0562. PMID: 23405888; PMCID: PMC3752510.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B, Bravenboer B, Drakopoulos P, Tournaye H, Parra J, De Brucker M. Impact of thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women on live birth rate after IUI. Hum Reprod. 2017 Apr 1;32(4):915-922. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex033. PMID: 28333271.

Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Gietka-Czernel M, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, Zgliczyński W, Ruchała M, Lewiński A, Bednarczuk T, Syrenicz A, Kos-Kudła B, Jarząb B, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Krajewska J, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Zygmunt A, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Thyroid diseases and fertility disorders - Guidelines of the Polish Society of Endocrinology [Choroby tarczycy a zaburzenia płodności - rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego]. Endokrynol Pol. 2022;73(4):645-679. doi: 10.5603/EP.a2022.0069. PMID: 36059162.

Korevaar TI, de Rijke YB, Chaker L, Medici M, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a Mechanism for Known Risk Factors. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):440-450. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0527. Epub 2017 Feb 8. PMID: 28049387.

Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, de Mouzon J, Sokol R, Rienzi L, Sunde A, Schmidt L, Cooke ID, Simpson JL, van der Poel S. The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017. Fertil Steril. 2017 Sep;108(3):393-406. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jul 29. PMID: 28760517.

(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility Erişim: 20.04.2025)

Bendarska-Czerwińska A, Zmarzły N, Morawiec E, Panfil A, Bryś K, Czarniecka J, Ostenda A, Dziobek K, Sagan D, Boroń D, Michalski P, Pallazo-Michalska V, Grabarek BO. Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 17;13:970439. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970439. PMID: 36733805; PMCID: PMC9887196.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B. Impact of thyroid disease on fertility and assisted conception. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul;34(4):101378. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101378. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32037280.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Subclinical hypothyroidism in the infertile female population: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2024 May;121(5):765-782. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.12.038. Epub 2023 Dec 30. PMID: 38163620.

Hugh S. Taylor, Speroff’s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, Ninth edition, Wolters Kluwer, LLW, 2019

Akarsu E, Tiroid Disfonksiyonunun Reprodüktif Sistem Üzerine Etkileri, Turkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin-Special Topics. 2008;1(3):79-8

Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, Coronado-Arroyo JC, Quiroz-Aldave JE, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Paz-Ibarra J. Thyroid dysfunction and female infertility. A comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023 Nov;17(11):102876. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102876. Epub 2023 Oct 12. PMID: 37866272.

Van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, Ven der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2016 Jun;22(4):532-3. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw003. Epub 2016 Feb 22. Erratum for: Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):605-19. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmr024. PMID: 26906092.)

Joshi JV, Bhandarkar SD, Chadha M, Balaiah D, Shah R. Menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may precede thyroid dysfunction or goitre. J Postgrad Med. 1993 Jul-Sep;39(3):137-41. PMID: 8051643.

Sankoda A, Suzuki H, Imaizumi M, Yoshihara A, Kobayashi S, Katai M, Hamada K, Hidaka Y, Yoshihara A, Nakamura H, Kubota S, Kakita-Kobayashi M, Iwase A, Sugiyama T, Ota E, Arata N. Effects of Levothyroxine Treatment on Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Thyroid. 2024 Apr;34(4):519-530. doi: 10.1089/thy.2023.0546. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2024 Apr 23. doi: 10.1089/thy.2023.0546.correx. PMID: 38368537.)

Davis SL. Environmental modulation of the immune system via the endo- crine system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1998;15:283–9.

Stagnaro-Green A, Chen X, Bogden JD, Davies TF, Scholl TO. The thyroid and pregnancy: a novel risk factor for very preterm delivery. Thyroid 2005;15:351–7.

Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism before and during pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update. 2003 Mar-Apr;9(2):149-61. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmg012. PMID: 12751777.

Krassas GE, Thyroid disease and female reproduction, fertil steril 2000

Ohara N, Tsujino T, Maruo T. The role of thyroid hormone in trophoblast function, early pregnancy maintenance, and fetal neurodevelopment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004 Nov;26(11):982-90. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30420-0. PMID: 15560861.

Kakita-Kobayashi M, Murata H, Nishigaki A, Hashimoto Y, Komiya S, Tsubokura H, Kido T, Kida N, Tsuzuki-Nakao T, Matsuo Y, Bono H, Hirota K, Okada H. Thyroid Hormone Facilitates in vitro Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells via Thyroid Hormone Receptors. Endocrinology. 2020 Jun 1;161(6):bqaa049. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa049. PMID: 32242219.)

Colicchia M, Campagnolo L, Baldini E, Ulisse S, Valensise H, Moretti C. Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Nov-Dec;20(6):884-904. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu028. Epub 2014 Jun 18. PMID: 24943836.

Barber KJ, Franklyn JA, McCabe CJ, Khanim FL, Bulmer JN, Whitley GS, Kilby MD. The in vitro effects of triiodothyronine on epidermal growth factor-induced trophoblast function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1655-61. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0785. Epub 2004 Dec 14. PMID: 15598697.)

Benvenga S, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Patrizio A, Paparo SR, Camastra S, Bonofiglio D, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Nutraceuticals in Thyroidology: A Review of in Vitro, and in Vivo Animal Studies. Nutrients. 2020 May 8;12(5):1337. doi: 10.3390/nu12051337. PMID: 32397091; PMCID: PMC7285044

Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): national Health and Nutrition Examina- tion Survey (Nhanes III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489–99.

Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid dis- ease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:526–34. )

Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Mongioì LM, Alamo A, Giacone F, Cannarella R, Calogero AE. Thyroid Hormones and Spermatozoa: In VitroEffects on Sperm Mitochondria, Viability and DNA Integrity. J Clin Med. 2019 May 27;8(5):756. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050756. PMID: 31137924; PMCID: PMC6571713.

Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, Brown RS, Chen H, Dosiou C, Grobman WA, Laurberg P, Lazarus JH, Mandel SJ, Peeters RP, Sullivan S. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315-389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2017 Sep;27(9):1212. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457.correx. PMID: 28056690.

Millar LK, Wing DA, Low birth weight and preeklampsia, in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism, Marx H., Amin P., Lazarus J.H. Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. BMJ. 2008;336:663–667. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39462.709005.AE.)

Poppe K, Glinoer D, Van Steirteghem A, Tournaye H, Devroey P, Schiettecatte J, Velkeniers B. Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in infertile women. Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):997-1001. doi: 10.1089/105072502320908330. PMID: 12490077.

Petca A, Dimcea DA, Dumitrașcu MC, Șandru F, Mehedințu C, Petca RC. Management of Hyperthyroidism during Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 24;12(5):1811. D oi: 10.3390/jcm12051811. PMID: 36902600; PMCID: PMC10003540.

Anelli V, Gatta E, Pirola I, Delbarba A, Rotondi M, Cappelli C. Thyroid impairment and male fertility: a narrative review of literature. Aging Male. 2024 Dec;27(1):2310303. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2024.2310303. Epub 2024 Feb 12. PMID: 38347677.

Hu X, Chen Y, Shen Y, Tian R, Sheng Y, Que H. Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 13;10:1020709. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020709. PMID: 36311599; PMCID: PMC9608544.

Kutteh WH, Schoolcraft WB, Scott RT Jr. Antithyroid antibodies do not affect pregnancy outcome in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod. 1999 Nov;14(11):2886-90. doi: 10.1093/humrep/14.11.2886. PMID: 10548642.

Xie J, Jiang L, Sadhukhan A, Yang S, Yao Q, Zhou P, Rao J, Jin M. Effect of antithyroid antibodies on women with recurrent miscarriage: A meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020 Jun;83(6):e13238. doi: 10.1111/aji.13238. Epub 2020 Apr 11. PMID: 32198952; PMCID: PMC7317526.

Eisenberg VH, Zolti M, Soriano D. Is there an association between autoimmunity and endometriosis? Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Sep;11(11):806-14. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.01.005. Epub 2012 Feb 4. PMID: 22330229.

Hasegawa Y, Kitahara Y, Osuka S, Tsukui Y, Kobayashi M, Iwase A. Effect of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity on the ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Med Biol. 2021 Dec 7;21(1):e12427. doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12427. PMID: 34934402; PMCID: PMC8656199.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B, Anckaert E, Schiettecatte J, Tournaye H, Haentjens P, Poppe K. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies: is there any added value in the detection of thyroid autoimmunity in women consulting for fertility treatment? Thyroid. 2013 Aug;23(8):1022-8. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0562. PMID: 23405888; PMCID: PMC3752510.

Unuane D, Velkeniers B, Bravenboer B, Drakopoulos P, Tournaye H, Parra J, De Brucker M. Impact of thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women on live birth rate after IUI. Hum Reprod. 2017 Apr 1;32(4):915-922. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex033. PMID: 28333271.

Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Gietka-Czernel M, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, Zgliczyński W, Ruchała M, Lewiński A, Bednarczuk T, Syrenicz A, Kos-Kudła B, Jarząb B, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Krajewska J, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Zygmunt A, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Thyroid diseases and fertility disorders - Guidelines of the Polish Society of Endocrinology [Choroby tarczycy a zaburzenia płodności - rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego]. Endokrynol Pol. 2022;73(4):645-679. doi: 10.5603/EP.a2022.0069. PMID: 36059162.

Korevaar TI, de Rijke YB, Chaker L, Medici M, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a Mechanism for Known Risk Factors. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):440-450. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0527. Epub 2017 Feb 8. PMID: 28049387.