Hipofifizden salgılanan Hormonlar (FSH, LH, PRL,TSH)

Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N., &Torchia, M.G. - The Developing Human : Clinically Oriented Embryology

Galen on the usefulness of the parts of the body (De Usu Partium) Vol. The Ninth Book (the Encephalon, Cranial Nerves, and Cranium), Cornell University Press, Ithica (1968)

Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth S. Polonsky, P. Reed Larsen, Henry M. Kronenberg Williams Textbook of Endocri- nology 4-Barbieri RL. The endocrinology of the mens- trual cycle. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1154:145-69.

Jameson JL, Hollenberg AN. Regulation of chorio- nic gonadotropin gene expression. Endocr Rev. 1993 Apr;14(2):203-21

Smith JT, et al. Regulation of Kiss1 gene expressi- on in the brain of the female mouse. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3686–3692. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0488

Kamel-ElSayed SA, Fahmy MW, Schwartz J. Physio- logy, Pituitary Gland. 2023 May 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan

Hunzicker-Dunn M & Maizels ET 2006. FSH signaling pathways in immature granulosa cells that regulate target gene expression: branching out from protein kinase Cellular Signalling 18 1351–1359

Sowers MR, Greendale GA, Bondarenko I, Finkelstein JS, Cauley JA, Neer RM & Ettinger B. 2003. Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre-and perimenopausal women: SWAN. Osteoporosis International 14 191–197.

Chen WP, Witkin JW, Silverman AJ et al beta-En- dorphin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone sy- naptic input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory cells in the male rat. J Comp Neurol. 1989;286(1):85.

Rabin D, McNeil LW. Pituitary and gonadal desensiti- zation after continuous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone infusion in normal females. J Clin Endocri- nol Metab. 1980 Oct;51(4):873-6. doi: 10.1210/jcem- 51-4-873

Smith JT, et al. Regulation of Kiss1 gene expressi- on in the brain of the female mouse. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3686–3692. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0488

Frances J. Hayes, William F. Crowley Jr.; Gonadotropin Pulsations across Development. Hormone Research 1 March 1998; 49 (3-4): 163–168.

Naor Z. Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): studies on the GnRH receptor. Front Neuro- endocrinol. 2009 Jan;30(1):10-29

Rossmanith, W. G. and Yen, S. S. C. (1987). Sleep-asso- ciated decrease in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: evidence for an opioidergic mechanism.]. Clin. Endor- vinol. Metah., 65, 715

Filicori M, Santoro N, Merriam GR, Crowley WF Jr. Characterization of the physiological pattern of epi- sodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the hu- man menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Jun;62(6):1136-44

Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E, Mar- shall JC, Laven JS, Legro RS. Scientific Statement on the Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, Pathophysio- logy, and Molecular Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Sy- ndrome. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:487–525. doi: 10.1210/ er.2015-1018

Crowley WF Jr, Comite F, Vale W, Rivier J, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr. Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with a long-acting lhrh agonist: a potential new treatment for idiopathic precocious puberty. J Clin En- docrinol Metab. 1981 Feb;52(2):370-2.

Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A, St-Arnaud R, Giguère M, Lacourcière Y, Emond J, Monfette G. Treatment of prostate cancer with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Endocr Rev. 1986 Feb;7(1):67-74

Klijn JG, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW, Blankenstein MA. LHRH-agonist treatment in clinical and experimental human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem. 1985 No- v;23(5B):867-73

Filicori M, Hall DA, Loughlin JS, Rivier J, Vale W, Crowley WF Jr. A conservative approach to the mana- gement of uterine leiomyoma: pituitary desensitization by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Nov 15;147(6):726-7

Barbieri RL. New therapy for endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Feb 25;318(8):512-4

Phillips DJ & de Kretser DM 1998. Follistatin: a mul- tifunctional regulatory protein. Frontiers in Neuroen- docrinology 19 287–322

Rispoli LA, Nett TM. Pituitary gonadotropin-relea- sing hormone (GnRH) receptor: structure, distribution and regulation of expression. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005;88:57–74

Cumming DC 1990. Menarche, menses and menopau- se: a brief review. Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine 57 169–175

Foster CM, Phillips DJ, Wyman T, Evans LW, Groome NP & Padmanabhan V 2000. Changes in serum inhibin, activin and follistatin concentrations during pu- berty in girls. Human Reproduction 15 1052–1057

Tsutsumi R, Webster NJ. GnRH pulsatility, the pitui- tary response and reproductive dysfunction. Endocr J. 2009;56(6):729-37

Horseman ND, Yu-Lee LY. Transcriptional regulation by the helix bundle peptide hormones: growth hor- mone, prolactin, and hematopoietic cytokines. Endocr Rev. 1994 Oct;15(5):627-49

Bern HA, Nicoll CS. The comparative endocrinology of prolactin. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1968;24:681-720

Cooke NE, Coit D, Shine J, Baxter JD, Martial JA. Human prolactin. cDNA structural analysis and evolutionary comparisons. J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 25;256(8):4007-16

Goffin V, Martial JA, Summers NL. Use of a model to understand prolactin and growth hormone specifici- ties. Protein Eng. 1995 Dec;8(12):1215-31

DeVito WJ, Stone S, Avakian C. Stimulation of hypo- thalamic prolactin release by veratridine and angio- tensin II in the female rat: effect of ovariectomy and estradiol administration. Neuroendocrinology. 1991

Yu W, Karanth S, Mastronardi C, Sealfon S et al 2002. Lamprey GnRH-III acts on its putative receptor via nitric oxide to release follicle-stimulating hormone specifically. Experimental Biology and Medicine 227 786–793.

Welt CK, Schneyer AL. Differential regulation of in- hibin B and inhibin a by follicle-stimulating hormone and local growth factors in human granulosa cells from small antral follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:330–336 19- Padmanabhan V & West C 2001. Endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of inhibin, Oct;54(4):391-8

DeVito WJ, Avakian C, Stone S, Ace CI. Estradiol increases prolactin synthesis and prolactin messen- ger ribonucleic acid in selected brain regions in the hypophysectomized female rat. Endocrinology. 1992 Nov;131(5):2154-60

Bredow S, Kacsóh B, Obál F Jr, Fang J, Krueger JM. Inc- rease of prolactin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebroventricular injection of VIP or PACAP. Brain Res. 1994 Oct 17;660(2):301-8

Gellersen B, Bonhoff A, Hunt N, Bohnet HG. Decidu- al-type prolactin expression by the human myometrium. Endocrinology. 1991 Jul;129(1):158-68

activin and follistatin on follicle-stimulating hormone In Inhibin, activin and follistatin in human reproductive physiology, pp 61–90: World Scientific

Cook RW, Thompson TB, Jardetzky TS, Woodruff TK. Molecular biology of inhibin action. Semin Reprod Med. 2004 Aug;22(3):269-76. doi: 10.1055/s-2004- 831902. PMID: 15319829

Thompson TB, Lerch TF, Cook RW, Woodruff TK & Jardetzky TS 2005. The structure of the follistatin: activin complex reveals antagonism of both type I and type II receptor binding. Developmental Cell 9 535–543

Cash JN, Rejon CA, McPherron AC, Bernard DJ & Thompson TB 2009. The structure of myostatin: follis- tatin 288: insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding. The EMBO Journal 28 2662–2676

Sizonenko PC, Burr IM, Kaplan SL & Grumbach MM 1970. Hormonal changes in puberty II. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty and bone age in nor- mal girls. Pediatric Research 4 36

Andersen JR. Decidual prolactin. Studies of decidual and amniotic prolactin in normal and pathological pregnancy. Dan Med Bull. 1990 Apr;37(2):154-65

Nolin JM, Witorsch RJ. Detection of endogenous im- munoreactive prolactin in rat mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Endocrinology. 1976 Oct;99(4):949- 58

Ben-Jonathan N, Hnasko R. Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor. Endocr Rev. 2001 Dec;22(6):724-63

Caron MG, Beaulieu M, Raymond V, Gagné B, Drou- in J, Lefkowitz RJ, Labrie F. Dopaminergic receptors in the anterior pituitary gland. Correlation of [3H] dihydroergocryptine binding with the dopaminergic control of prolactin release. J Biol Chem. 1978 Apr 10;253(7):2244-53

Goffin V, Bouchard B, Ormandy CJ, Weimann E, Fer- rag F, Touraine P, Bole-Feysot C, Maaskant RA, Clement Lacroix P, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin: a hormone at the crossroads of neuroimmunoendocrinology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 1;840:498-509

Raabe MA, McCoshen JA. Epithelial regulation of pro- lactin effect on amnionic permeability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Jan;154(1):130-4

Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prola- ctin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000 Oct;80(4):1523-631 47- Kletzky OA, Marrs RP, Howard WF, McCormick W, Mishell DR Jr. Prolactin synthesis and release during pregnan- cy and puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Feb 15;136(4):545-50

Barberia JM, Abu-Fadil S, Kletzky OA, Nakamura RM, Mishell DR. Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975 Apr 15;121(8):1107-10

Faron-Górecka A, Latocha K, Pabian P, Kolasa M, So- bczyk-Krupiarz I, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. The Involvement of Prolactin in Stress-Related Disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 13;20(4):3257

Jackson IM. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jan 21;306(3):145-55.

Scanlon MF, Weightman DR, Shale DJ Dopamine is a physiological regulator of thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in normal man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1979 Jan;10(1):7-15

Tanjasiri P, Kozbur X, Florsheim WH. Somatostatin in the physiologic feedback control of thyrotropin secretion. Life Sci. 1976 Sep 1;19(5):657-60

Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG. Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med. 1977 Mar 17;296(11):589-600

Chiamolera MI, Wondisford FE. Minireview: Thyrot- ropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology. 2009;150(3):1091– 1096

Zhou A, Wei Z, Read RJ, Carrell RW. Structural me- chanism for the carriage and release of thyroxine in the blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 5;103(36):13321-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604080103. Epub 2006 Aug 28

Dowling JT, Freinkel N, Ingbar SH. The effect of est- rogens upon the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine. J Clin Invest. 1960 Jul;39(7):1119-30. doi: 10.1172/ JCI104127

Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N., &Torchia, M.G. - The Developing Human : Clinically Oriented Embryology

Galen on the usefulness of the parts of the body (De Usu Partium) Vol. The Ninth Book (the Encephalon, Cranial Nerves, and Cranium), Cornell University Press, Ithica (1968)

Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth S. Polonsky, P. Reed Larsen, Henry M. Kronenberg Williams Textbook of Endocri- nology 4-Barbieri RL. The endocrinology of the mens- trual cycle. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1154:145-69.

Jameson JL, Hollenberg AN. Regulation of chorio- nic gonadotropin gene expression. Endocr Rev. 1993 Apr;14(2):203-21

Smith JT, et al. Regulation of Kiss1 gene expressi- on in the brain of the female mouse. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3686–3692. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0488

Kamel-ElSayed SA, Fahmy MW, Schwartz J. Physio- logy, Pituitary Gland. 2023 May 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan

Hunzicker-Dunn M & Maizels ET 2006. FSH signaling pathways in immature granulosa cells that regulate target gene expression: branching out from protein kinase Cellular Signalling 18 1351–1359

Sowers MR, Greendale GA, Bondarenko I, Finkelstein JS, Cauley JA, Neer RM & Ettinger B. 2003. Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre-and perimenopausal women: SWAN. Osteoporosis International 14 191–197.

Chen WP, Witkin JW, Silverman AJ et al beta-En- dorphin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone sy- naptic input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory cells in the male rat. J Comp Neurol. 1989;286(1):85.

Rabin D, McNeil LW. Pituitary and gonadal desensiti- zation after continuous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone infusion in normal females. J Clin Endocri- nol Metab. 1980 Oct;51(4):873-6. doi: 10.1210/jcem- 51-4-873

Smith JT, et al. Regulation of Kiss1 gene expressi- on in the brain of the female mouse. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3686–3692. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0488

Frances J. Hayes, William F. Crowley Jr.; Gonadotropin Pulsations across Development. Hormone Research 1 March 1998; 49 (3-4): 163–168.

Naor Z. Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): studies on the GnRH receptor. Front Neuro- endocrinol. 2009 Jan;30(1):10-29

Rossmanith, W. G. and Yen, S. S. C. (1987). Sleep-asso- ciated decrease in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: evidence for an opioidergic mechanism.]. Clin. Endor- vinol. Metah., 65, 715

Filicori M, Santoro N, Merriam GR, Crowley WF Jr. Characterization of the physiological pattern of epi- sodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the hu- man menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Jun;62(6):1136-44

Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E, Mar- shall JC, Laven JS, Legro RS. Scientific Statement on the Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, Pathophysio- logy, and Molecular Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Sy- ndrome. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:487–525. doi: 10.1210/ er.2015-1018

Crowley WF Jr, Comite F, Vale W, Rivier J, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr. Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with a long-acting lhrh agonist: a potential new treatment for idiopathic precocious puberty. J Clin En- docrinol Metab. 1981 Feb;52(2):370-2.

Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A, St-Arnaud R, Giguère M, Lacourcière Y, Emond J, Monfette G. Treatment of prostate cancer with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Endocr Rev. 1986 Feb;7(1):67-74

Klijn JG, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW, Blankenstein MA. LHRH-agonist treatment in clinical and experimental human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem. 1985 No- v;23(5B):867-73

Filicori M, Hall DA, Loughlin JS, Rivier J, Vale W, Crowley WF Jr. A conservative approach to the mana- gement of uterine leiomyoma: pituitary desensitization by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Nov 15;147(6):726-7

Barbieri RL. New therapy for endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Feb 25;318(8):512-4

Phillips DJ & de Kretser DM 1998. Follistatin: a mul- tifunctional regulatory protein. Frontiers in Neuroen- docrinology 19 287–322

Rispoli LA, Nett TM. Pituitary gonadotropin-relea- sing hormone (GnRH) receptor: structure, distribution and regulation of expression. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005;88:57–74

Cumming DC 1990. Menarche, menses and menopau- se: a brief review. Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine 57 169–175

Foster CM, Phillips DJ, Wyman T, Evans LW, Groome NP & Padmanabhan V 2000. Changes in serum inhibin, activin and follistatin concentrations during pu- berty in girls. Human Reproduction 15 1052–1057

Tsutsumi R, Webster NJ. GnRH pulsatility, the pitui- tary response and reproductive dysfunction. Endocr J. 2009;56(6):729-37

Horseman ND, Yu-Lee LY. Transcriptional regulation by the helix bundle peptide hormones: growth hor- mone, prolactin, and hematopoietic cytokines. Endocr Rev. 1994 Oct;15(5):627-49

Bern HA, Nicoll CS. The comparative endocrinology of prolactin. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1968;24:681-720

Cooke NE, Coit D, Shine J, Baxter JD, Martial JA. Human prolactin. cDNA structural analysis and evolutionary comparisons. J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 25;256(8):4007-16

Goffin V, Martial JA, Summers NL. Use of a model to understand prolactin and growth hormone specifici- ties. Protein Eng. 1995 Dec;8(12):1215-31

DeVito WJ, Stone S, Avakian C. Stimulation of hypo- thalamic prolactin release by veratridine and angio- tensin II in the female rat: effect of ovariectomy and estradiol administration. Neuroendocrinology. 1991

Yu W, Karanth S, Mastronardi C, Sealfon S et al 2002. Lamprey GnRH-III acts on its putative receptor via nitric oxide to release follicle-stimulating hormone specifically. Experimental Biology and Medicine 227 786–793.

Welt CK, Schneyer AL. Differential regulation of in- hibin B and inhibin a by follicle-stimulating hormone and local growth factors in human granulosa cells from small antral follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:330–336 19- Padmanabhan V & West C 2001. Endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of inhibin, Oct;54(4):391-8

DeVito WJ, Avakian C, Stone S, Ace CI. Estradiol increases prolactin synthesis and prolactin messen- ger ribonucleic acid in selected brain regions in the hypophysectomized female rat. Endocrinology. 1992 Nov;131(5):2154-60

Bredow S, Kacsóh B, Obál F Jr, Fang J, Krueger JM. Inc- rease of prolactin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebroventricular injection of VIP or PACAP. Brain Res. 1994 Oct 17;660(2):301-8

Gellersen B, Bonhoff A, Hunt N, Bohnet HG. Decidu- al-type prolactin expression by the human myometrium. Endocrinology. 1991 Jul;129(1):158-68

activin and follistatin on follicle-stimulating hormone In Inhibin, activin and follistatin in human reproductive physiology, pp 61–90: World Scientific

Cook RW, Thompson TB, Jardetzky TS, Woodruff TK. Molecular biology of inhibin action. Semin Reprod Med. 2004 Aug;22(3):269-76. doi: 10.1055/s-2004- 831902. PMID: 15319829

Thompson TB, Lerch TF, Cook RW, Woodruff TK & Jardetzky TS 2005. The structure of the follistatin: activin complex reveals antagonism of both type I and type II receptor binding. Developmental Cell 9 535–543

Cash JN, Rejon CA, McPherron AC, Bernard DJ & Thompson TB 2009. The structure of myostatin: follis- tatin 288: insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding. The EMBO Journal 28 2662–2676

Sizonenko PC, Burr IM, Kaplan SL & Grumbach MM 1970. Hormonal changes in puberty II. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty and bone age in nor- mal girls. Pediatric Research 4 36

Andersen JR. Decidual prolactin. Studies of decidual and amniotic prolactin in normal and pathological pregnancy. Dan Med Bull. 1990 Apr;37(2):154-65

Nolin JM, Witorsch RJ. Detection of endogenous im- munoreactive prolactin in rat mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Endocrinology. 1976 Oct;99(4):949- 58

Ben-Jonathan N, Hnasko R. Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor. Endocr Rev. 2001 Dec;22(6):724-63

Caron MG, Beaulieu M, Raymond V, Gagné B, Drou- in J, Lefkowitz RJ, Labrie F. Dopaminergic receptors in the anterior pituitary gland. Correlation of [3H] dihydroergocryptine binding with the dopaminergic control of prolactin release. J Biol Chem. 1978 Apr 10;253(7):2244-53

Goffin V, Bouchard B, Ormandy CJ, Weimann E, Fer- rag F, Touraine P, Bole-Feysot C, Maaskant RA, Clement Lacroix P, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin: a hormone at the crossroads of neuroimmunoendocrinology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 1;840:498-509

Raabe MA, McCoshen JA. Epithelial regulation of pro- lactin effect on amnionic permeability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Jan;154(1):130-4

Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prola- ctin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000 Oct;80(4):1523-631 47- Kletzky OA, Marrs RP, Howard WF, McCormick W, Mishell DR Jr. Prolactin synthesis and release during pregnan- cy and puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Feb 15;136(4):545-50

Barberia JM, Abu-Fadil S, Kletzky OA, Nakamura RM, Mishell DR. Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975 Apr 15;121(8):1107-10

Faron-Górecka A, Latocha K, Pabian P, Kolasa M, So- bczyk-Krupiarz I, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. The Involvement of Prolactin in Stress-Related Disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 13;20(4):3257

Jackson IM. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jan 21;306(3):145-55.

Scanlon MF, Weightman DR, Shale DJ Dopamine is a physiological regulator of thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in normal man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1979 Jan;10(1):7-15

Tanjasiri P, Kozbur X, Florsheim WH. Somatostatin in the physiologic feedback control of thyrotropin secretion. Life Sci. 1976 Sep 1;19(5):657-60

Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG. Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med. 1977 Mar 17;296(11):589-600

Chiamolera MI, Wondisford FE. Minireview: Thyrot- ropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology. 2009;150(3):1091– 1096

Zhou A, Wei Z, Read RJ, Carrell RW. Structural me- chanism for the carriage and release of thyroxine in the blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 5;103(36):13321-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604080103. Epub 2006 Aug 28

Dowling JT, Freinkel N, Ingbar SH. The effect of est- rogens upon the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine. J Clin Invest. 1960 Jul;39(7):1119-30. doi: 10.1172/ JCI104127