Adölesan Dönemde Ruh Sağlığı

Yazarlar

Semiha Dertli

Özet

Adölesanlar, yoğun hormonal, bilişsel ve duygusal değişiklikler nedeni ile bazı problemlerle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu problemler adölesanlarda sık görülen ruh sağlığı sorunlarına neden olabilir. Ağır ve kalıcı ruhsal hastalıkların yaklaşık %30 ila %50’si çocukluk dönemi ve adölesan dönemde başlamaktadır. Ruhsal hastalıklar, 10-24 yaş arası gençler arasında hastalık yükünün en önemli belirleyicilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmekte olup, bu yaş grubunda morbidite, mortalite ve engelliliğin en yaygın beş nedeni arasında yer alacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle adölesanlarda yaygın görülen ciddi ruh sağlığı sorunlarından anksiyete, depresyon, bipolar bozukluk, şizofreni, yeme bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları, intihar gibi durumlarda gerekli önlemlerin alınması önemlidir. Adölesan dönemde ruh sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesi amacıyla erken tanı, etkili tedavi ve bütüncül destek programlarının uygulanması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Referanslar

Parlaz EA, Tekgül N, et al. Ergenlik dönemi: Fiziksel büyüme, psikolojik ve sosyal gelişim süreci. Turk Fam Physician. 2013;3(2):10–6.

Quinn CA, Rollock D, et al. A test of Spielberger’s state-trait theory of anger with adolescents: Five hypotheses. Emotion. 2014;14(1):74.

Akbaş E, Yiğitoğlu G. Adölesan dönemde psikososyal sorunlar. OPUS Int J Soc Res. 2021;18(43):7277–99.

Lowth M. Managing anger in adolescents. Pract Nurse. 2015;45(12):18–23.

World Health Organization. More than 1.2 million adolescents die every year, nearly all preventable. 2017 (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/16-05-2017-more-than-1-2-million-adolescents-die-every-year-nearly-all-preventable adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Di Girolamo G, Dagani J, et al. Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: needs, opportunities and obstacles. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2012;21(1):47–57.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.

Gore FM, Bloem PJN, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2093–102.

Solmi M, Radua J, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281–95.

Abidi S. Update in pediatric psychiatry. In: Beckwith S, editor. Update in Pediatrics. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 665–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41542-5

World Health Organization. Mental health of adolescents. 2021 (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

World Health Organization. World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. Executive summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

World Health Organization. Mental disorders. 2022 (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Kessler RC, Petukhova M, et al. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21(3):169–84.

Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(1):47–57.

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

McGuiness TM, Durand SC. Update on anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2016;54(6):25-8.

Özusta ŞH. Çocuklar için durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turk Psikol Derg. 1995;10(34):32–44.

Aydın A. Ergenlerde sosyal anksiyete belirtilerini azaltmaya yönelik bilişsel-davranışçı bir müdahale programının etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesi [doktara tezi]. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2006.

Gormez V, Kılınçaslan A, Orengul AC, Ebesutani C, Kaya İ, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Child Version in a clinical sample. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;27(1):84–92. doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1297494

March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, et al. Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(7):807–20.

Klein DN, Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, et al. Subthreshold depressive disorder in adolescents: predictors of escalation to full-syndrome depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(7):703–10.

Avenevoli S, Swendsen J, He J, et al. Major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(1):37–44.

Ercan ES, Polanczyk GV, Akyol Ardıç U, Yüce D, Karacetin G, Tufan AE, et al. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Turkish children and adolescents: a population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(5):561–72. doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01653-9

Ercan ES, Bilac O, Uysal O, Ardıç UA. Depression and anxiety symptoms in Turkish adolescents: prevalence and correlates. Turk J Pediatr. 2012;54(5):433–9.

Tural Hesapçıoğlu S, Ercan ES. Çocuk ve ergenlerde depresyon. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2017;9(2):129–46. doi:10.18863/pgy.292339

Keyes KM, Platt JM. Annual research review: sex, gender, and internalizing conditions among adolescents in the 21st century – trends, causes, consequences. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13864

Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1056–67.

Klaufus L, Verlinden E, van der Wal M, et al. Adolescent anxiety and depression: burden of disease study in 53,894 secondary school pupils in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:225. doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03868-5

Öy B. Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1991;1(34):132–6.

Erdogmus Mergen B, Arslan H, Arslan E, et al. Turkish validity & reliability of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Adolescent Version (QIDS-A17-SR) in comparison with Beck Depression Inventory-II among late adolescents. Klinik Psikofarmakol Bül. 2016;26:303–9.

Kaya AÇ, et al. Altı maddelik Kutcher Ergen Depresyon Ölçeği’nin (KEDÖ-6) Türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik araştırması. Turk J Fam Physician. 2022;13(2):42–9. doi:10.15511/tjtfp.22.00242

March JS, Vitiello B. Clinical messages from the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1118–23.

Giles LL, Martini R. Challenges and promises of pediatric psychopharmacology. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(6):508–18.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States. MMWR. 2012;61:11–12.

Dilillo D, Mauri S, Mantegazza C, Fabiano V, Mameli C, Zucotti GV. Suicide in pediatrics: epidemiology, risk factors, warning signs and the role of the pediatrician detecting them. Ital J Pediatr. 2015;41:1. doi:10.1186/s13052-015-0153-3

Steare T, Lewis G, Evans-Lacko S, Pitman A, Rose-Clarke K, Patalay J. Food insecurity, adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and country-level context: a multi-country cross-sectional analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2024;74:545–55. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.018

Ebalu TI, Kearns JC, Ouermi L, Bountogo M, Sié A, Bärnighausen T, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adolescent self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: a population-based study in Burkina Faso. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2023;69:1626–35. doi:10.1177/00207640231175778

Shan H, Wu Y, Chen S, Leng Y, Qu Z. Attempted suicide in Shanghai districts: a pilot study. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011;27(2):NP1858–66.

Glenn CR, Kleiman EM, Kellerman J, Pollak O, Cha CB, Esposito EC, et al. Annual research review: a meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61:294–308. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13106

Şimşek Ü, Demircan T. Child and adolescent suicides in Turkey (2004–2023): a comprehensive evaluation. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2025. doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01839-x

Zeppegno P, Calati R, Madeddu F, Gramaglia C. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to explain suicidal risk in eating disorders: a mini-review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:690903. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.690903

Loxton D, Forder PM, Cavenagh D, Townsend N, Holliday E. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on the health and health behaviors of young Australian women. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;111:104771.

Loxton D, Townsend N, Dolja-Gore X, Forder P, Coles J. Adverse childhood experiences and healthcare costs in adult life. J Child Sex Abuse. 2019;28(5):511–25.

Rafiq S, Campodonico C, Varese F. The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;138(6):509–25. doi:10.1111/acps.12969

Atlı Z, Eskin M, Dereboy Ç. İntihar olasılığı ölçeğinin (İOÖ) klinik örneklemde geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2009;12(3):111–24.

Kilinçaslan A, Gunes A, Eskin M, Madan A. Linguistic adaptation and psychometric properties of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale among a heterogeneous sample of adolescents in Turkey. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2019;54(2):115–32.

Cosgrove VE, Roybal D, Chang KD. Bipolar depression in pediatric populations: epidemiology and management. Pediatr Drugs. 2013;15(2):83–91.

National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder statistics. (31/08/2025 tarihinde https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/bipolar-disorder?utm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Mutlu C, Karaçetin G, Yorbik Ö. Çocuk ve ergenlerde duygudurum bozuklukları epidemiyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Child Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2016;2(1):1–7.

Van Meter AR, Burke C, Youngstrum EA, et al. The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(7):543–55.

Singh MK, Ketter T, Chang KD. Distinguishing bipolar disorder from other psychiatric disorders in children. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16:516. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0516-2

Scott JG. Annual research review: psychosis in children and adolescents—a call to action: a commentary on Kelleher (2025). J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2025;66(4):588–91. doi:10.1111/jcpp.14135

Lång U, Yates K, Leacy FP, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: psychosis risk in children and adolescents with an at-risk mental state. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61(5):615–25. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.593

Schimmelmann BG, Schmidt SJ, Carbon M, Correll CU. Treatment of adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders: in search of a rational, evidence-informed approach. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26:219–30.

Pisano S, Catone G, et al. Update on the safety of second generation antipsychotics in youths: a call for collaboration among pediatricians and child psychiatrists. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42:51. doi:10.1186/s13052-016-0259-2

Chavez M, Insel TR. Eating disorders: National Institute of Mental Health’s perspective. Am Psychol. 2007;62(3):159–66.

Townsend MC. Ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliğinin temelleri: kanıta dayalı uygulama bakım kavramları. Özcan CT, Gürhan N, editors. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2016.

Conti C, Lanzara R, et al. The relationship between binge eating disorder and suicidality: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017;8:2125.

Sönmez AÖ. Çocuk ve ergenlerde yeme bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2017;9(3):301–16.

Hill DC, Moss RH, et al. Stress and eating behaviors in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 2018;123:14–22.

Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, Le A, Marks P, National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. J Eat Disord. 2023;11:8. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

Argyrides M, Anastasiades E, Alexiou E. Risk and protective factors of disordered eating in adolescents based on gender and body mass index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9238. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249238

Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P. An update on the underlying risk factors of eating disorders onset during adolescence. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1221679. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1221679

World Health Organization. Interpersonal risk and protective factors for adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing. 2024. (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12082049/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

Glasofer DR, Attia E, et al. Feeding and eating disorders. In: Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Riba M, editors. Psychiatry. New York: Wiley; 2015. p. 1231–49.

He J, Cai Z, et al. Prevalence of binge and loss of control eating among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: an exploratory meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(2):91–103.

Hay P, Chinn D, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(11):977–1008.

Schulden JD, Thomas YF, Compton WM. Substance abuse in the United States: findings from recent epidemiologic studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11:353–9.

Collins GB, McAllister MS, et al. Drug abuse and addiction. Cleveland Clinic. 2010 (25/03/2024 tarihinde https://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/drug-abuse-and-addiction adresinden ulaşılmıştır).

İndir

Sayfalar

135-150

Yayınlanan

3 Aralık 2025

Lisans

Lisans