Toprak Kirliliğinin Bitkide Fizyolojik, Biyokimyasal ve Moleküler Etkileri
Özet
Dünyada ve ülkemizde artan tarımsal faaliyetler, toprakların fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik yapısının bozulmasına ve çeşitli kirleticilerin (tuz, ağır metal, pestisit vb.) toprakta birikerek toprakların kirlenmesine neden olmuştur. Bu kirleticiler, bitkisel üretim açısından önemli stres faktörleri oluşturmaktadır. Stres koşullarında bitkilerde, süperoksit radikalleri (O2−), hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) ve hidroksil radikalleri (OH⁻) gibi reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) miktarı artmaktadır. ROS bitkilerde proteinler, lipitler, karbohidratlar ve organik moleküler ve DNA üzerinde geri dönüşü olmayan hasarlara yol açmaktadır. Toprak kirliliğinin bitkiler üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri; iyon toksisitesi, besin dengesizliği, ROS birikimi, klorofil içeriğinde azalma, lipid peroksidasyonu (MDA), DNA hasarı ve bitki gelişiminin sınırlanması gibi fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal değişimlerle kendini göstermektedir. Bu bölümde toprak kirliliğine neden olan kirleticilerin bitki gelişimindeki fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler düzeydeki etkileri ele alınmıştır.
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