Doğal Kaynaklı Toprak Kirliliği
Özet
Doğal ekosistemin temel unsuru topraktır. Ekosistemde topraklar depolama, filtreleme, adsorpsiyon, desorpsiyon, tamponlama ve iyon değişimi gibi farklı işlevleri yerine getiren doğal bir kaynaktır. Topraklar farklı özelliklere sahip kayaçların ve minerallerin zaman içerisinde ayrışması ile oluşur. Toprak oluşturan kayaçların (magmatik, metamorfik ve tortul) farklı mineral ve kimyasal özellikleri, zamanla üzerinde oluşan toprakların özelliklerine de yansımaktadır. Farklı kayaçlar üzerinde oluşan topraklarda, ana materyallerden kaynaklı farklı ağır metal (Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Rb, Hg, Fe, Mn gibi) kirlilikleri görülebilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, farklı ana materyaller üzerinde oluşan topraklarda kanserojen bir mineral olan eriyonit ve asbest türü mineralleri oluşmaktadır. Doğal kaynaklı kirleticiler (erionit, asbest, ağır metal, radyonüklidler ve organik kirleticiler) toprakta birikebilir, yeraltı suyuna veya erozyon ile başka bir yere taşınabilir. Ayrıca toprakların işlenmesi ile toz haline gelerek havaya karışabilir. Böylece ekosistemler ve diğer doğal kaynaklar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri ile biyolojik çeşitliliği ve insan sağlığını olumsuz etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, doğal olarak kirli toprakların bilinmesi ve buna göre tarımsal uygulamaların yapılması önem arz etmektedir.
Referanslar
Alloway, B.J. ed. (2013). Heavy Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
Alptekin. Y,, Ozsan. E., & Aydın. R. (2003). Mısır (Zeamays L.)’da Aflatoksin Oluşumu, Bulaşma ve Korunma Yolları. I. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu, 18-19 Eylül 2003. 1:180.
Altınözlü, H., Karagöz, A., Polat, T., & Ünver, İ. (2012). Nickel hyperaccumulation by natural plants in Turkish serpentine soils. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36(3), 269-280.
Alves, S., Trancoso, M. A., Gonçalves, M. D. L. S., & dos Santos, M. M. C. (2011). A nickel availability study in serpentinised areas of Portugal. Geoderma, 164(3-4), 155-163.
Anda, M. (2012). Cation imbalance and heavy metal content of seven Indonesian soils as affected by elemental compositions of parent rocks. Geoderma, 189, 388-396.
Appleton, J. D. (2007). Radon: sources, health risks, and hazard mapping. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(1), 85-89.
Asri, F. Ö., & Sönmez, S. (2006). Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin Bitki Metabolizması Üzerine Etkileri. Derim, Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Enstitüsü, Dergisi, Cilt 23 (2): 36-45.
Atabey, E. (2009). Türkiye'de asbest, eriyonit, kuvars ve diğer mineral tozları ve etkileri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
Atabey, E. (2014). Türkiye asbest haritası (çevresel asbest maruziyeti-akciğer kanseri-mezotelyoma). Tuberk Toraks, 63(3), 199-219.
Aydın. R, Ozsan. E., & Alptekin. Y. (2003). Hayvansal Ürünlerde Aflatoksin Kontaminasyonu ve Sağlık Açısından Riskleri. I. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu. 2:180. 18-19 Eylül 2003, İstanbul. 1:180.
Babić, D., Skoko, B., Franić, Z., Senčar, J., Šoštarić, M., Petroci, L., ... & Marović, G. (2020). Baseline radioecological data for the soil and selected bioindicator organisms in the temperate forest of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia. Environmental science and pollution research, 27(17), 21040-21056.
Balcı, K. (1993). Göğüs Hastalıkları. Atlas Kitabevi, Konya, 575-593.
Balli, E. (2017). Süphan Dağı Çevresinde Oluşan Toprakların Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi. KSÜ, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans tezi, ss: 39
Barış, Y. İ. (1987). Asbestos and erionite related chest diseases. Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara.
Barış, Y. L. (2005). Türkiye’de asbest ve eriyonit sorunu ve insan sağlığına etkileri (mesotelyoma). 1. Tıbbi Jeoloji Sempozyumu Bildiri Özleri, TMMOB jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası yayınları, 95, 53-64.
Baris, I., Artvinli, M., Saracci, R., Simonato, L., Pooley, F., Skidmore, J., & Wagner, C. (1987). Epidemiological and environmental evidence of the health effects of exposure to erionite fibres: a four‐year study in the Cappadocian region of Turkey. International Journal of Cancer, 39(1), 10-17.
Bariş, B., Demir, A. U., Shehu, V., Karakoca, Y., Kisacik, G., & Bariş, Y. I. (1996). Environmental fibrous zeolite (erionite) exposure and malignant tumors other than mesothelioma. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology: official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer, 15(2-4), 183-189.
Beaucham, C., King, B., Feldmann, K., Harper, M., & Dozier, A. (2018). Assessing occupational erionite and respirable crystalline silica exposure among outdoor workers in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 15(6), 455-465.
Bernstein, D. M. (2014). The health risk of chrysotile asbestos. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 20(4), 366-370.
Bilir, N. &Yıldız, A.N. (2005). H. Ü. Tıp Fak. Dönem III, 2003-2004 öğretim yılı iş sağlığı, Ders 4, Mesleksel akciğer hastalıkları.
Blanco-Rodríguez, P., Fernández-Serantes, L. A., Otero-Pazos, A., Calvo-Rolle, J. L., & de Cos Juez, F. J. (2017). Radon mitigation approach in a laboratory measurement room. Sensors, 17(5), 1090.
Blume, H. P., Brümmer, G. W., Fleige, H., Horn, R., Kandeler, E., Kögel-Knabner, I., ... & Wilke, B. M. (2016). Scheffer/SchachtschabelSoil Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Bräse, S., Encinas, A., Keck, J., & Nising, C. F. (2009). Chemistry and biology of mycotoxins and related fungal metabolites. Chemical reviews, 109(9), 3903-3990.
Brooks, R. R. (1987). Serpentine and its vegetation. A multidisciplinary approach.
Campos, I., Abrantes, N., Keizer, J. J., Vale, C., & Pereira, P. (2016). Major and trace elements in soils and ashes of eucalypt and pine forest plantations in Portugal following a wildfire. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 1363-1376.
Carbone, M., & Yang, H. (2012). Molecular pathways: targeting mechanisms of asbestos and erionite carcinogenesis in mesothelioma. Clinical Cancer Research, 18(3), 598-604.
Chen, H., Chow, A. T., Li, X. W., Ni, H. G., Dahlgren, R. A., Zeng, H., & Wang, J. J. (2018). Wildfire burn intensity affects the quantity and speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2(12), 1262-1270.
Cinelli, G., Tositti, L., Capaccioni, B., Brattich, E., & Mostacci, D. (2015). Soil gas radon assessment and development of a radon risk map in Bolsena, Central Italy. Environmental geochemistry and health, 37(2), 305-319.
Coombs, D. S., Alberti, A., Armbruster, T., Artioli, G., Colella, C., Galli, E., ... & Vezzalini, G. (1997). Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35(6), 1571-1606.
Cygan, R. T., Stevens, C. T., Puls, R. W., Yabusaki, S. B., Wauchope, R. D., McGrath, C. J., ... & Turner, D. R. (2007). Research activities at US Government agencies in subsurface reactive transport modeling. Vadose zone journal, 6(4), 805-822.
Demirolu, H. (1998). Hazards of white asbestos. The Lancet, 352(9124), 322-323.
Echevarria, G. (2020). Genesis and behaviour of ultramafic soils and consequences for nickel biogeochemistry. In Agromining: Farming for metals: Extracting unconventional resources using plants (pp. 215-238). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Eisler, R. (2006). Mercury hazards to living organisms. CRC Press.
Fernández, S., Cotos-Yáñez, T., Roca-Pardiñas, J., & Ordóñez, C. (2018). Geographically weighted principal components analysis to assess diffuse pollution sources of soil heavy metal: application to rough mountain areas in Northwest Spain. Geoderma, 311, 120-129.
Flora, G., Gupta, D., & Tiwari, A. (2012). Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 5(2), 47.
Gates, A.E. & Gundersen, L.C.S. (1992). Geologie Controls on Radon. Geological Society of America. 97 pp.
Giordani, M., Mattioli, M., Ballirano, P., Pacella, A., Cenni, M., Boscardin, M., & Valentini, L. (2017). Geological occurrence, mineralogical characterization, and risk assessment of potentially carcinogenic erionite in Italy. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 20(2), 81-103.
Gregorič, A., Vaupotič, J., Kardos, R., Horvath, M., Bujtor, T., & Kovacs, T. (2013). Radon emanation of soils from different lithological units. Carpathian journal of earth and environmental sciences, 8(2), 185-190.
Hafez, Y. I., & Awad, E. S. (2016). Finite element modeling of radon distribution in natural soils of different geophysical regions. Cogent Physics, 3(1), 1254859.
Hartgerink, J. D., Beniash, E., & Stupp, S. I. (2001). Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science, 294(5547), 1684-1688.
Hseu, Z. Y. (2006). Extractability and bioavailability of zinc over time in three tropical soils incubated with biosolids. Chemosphere, 63(5), 762-771.
IARC. 2012. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). No. 1017-1606.
Ikpambese, K. K., Gundu, D. T., & Tuleun, L. T. (2016). Evaluation of palm kernel fibers (PKFs) for production of asbestos-free automotive brake pads. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 28(1), 110-118.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1999). Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. No. 71987.
ISO. (2015). ISO 11074:2015. [Cited 14 October 2019]. http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/92/59259.html
Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd ed edition. Boca Raton, Fla, CRC Press. 413 pp.
Kara, Z. (2019). Investigation of the asbest mineral content and geochemical characteristics of different areas representing rocks and the soil formed on them of ophiolitic assemblage in Kahramanmaraş Region(Doctoral dissertation, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University).
Kara, Z. (2023). Gidyanın Serpantin Toprakların Alınabilir Ağır Metal İçeriğine Etkisi. Euroasia Journal Of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences, 10(26), 29-36.
Kara, Z., Rızaoğlu, T., & Saltalı, K. (2018). Total heavy metal contents in serpentinite soils from Türkoğlu-Kahramanmaraş/Turkey. In Proceedings of the 18th International Multidisciplinary SGEM Conference (pp. 2-8).
Kara, Z., Saltalı, K., & Rızaoğlu, T. (2024a). Investıgatıon Of Some Plant Nutrıents And Heavy Metal Contents Of Soıls Formed In Dıfferent Unıts Of The Ophıolıte. Journal Of Environmental Protection And Ecology, 25(4), 991-1002.
Kara, Z., Saltali, K., Rizaoğlu, T., & Bani, A. (2024b). Assessment of Elemental Composition in Ultramafic Parent Material and Derived Soils Using Pollution Indices. J Ind Pollut Control, 40, 002.
Kılıç, K., Yalçın, H., Doğan, H. M., Durak, A., Topuz, D., Güven, K., ... & Özkan, Y. (2010). Erciyes Strato Volkanından Püskürtülen Ana Materyaller Üzerinde Oluşmuş Topraklar ve Çevre İle Etkileşimleri. Tubitak 106Y307 Nolu Proje, Ankara.
Kılıç, K., Yalçın, H., Durak, A., & Doğan, H. M. (2018). Andisols of Turkey: an example from the Cappadocian Volcanic Province. Geoderma, 313, 112-125.
Kierczak, J., Neel, C., Aleksander-Kwaterczak, U., Helios-Rybicka, E., Bril, H., & Puziewicz, J. (2008). Solid speciation and mobility of potentially toxic elements from natural and contaminated soils: A combined approach. Chemosphere, 73(5), 776-784.
Kierczak, J., Neel, C., Bril, H., & Puziewicz, J. (2007). Effect of mineralogy and pedoclimatic variations on Ni and Cr distribution in serpentine soils under temperate climate. Geoderma, 142(1-2), 165-177.
Kilic, K., Dogan, H., Yalçın, H., Bilim, M., & Karahan, G. (2015). Potentially toxic elements of volcanic ash soils in the Cappadocia region of central Turkey. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 10(1).
Kruckeberg, A. R. (2002). The influences of lithology on plant life. Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock type on plants, 160-81.
Kumar, A., Pathak, H., Bhadauria, S., & Sudan, J. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 3(1), 17.
Liang, H. D., Han, D. M., & Yan, X. P. (2006). Cigarette filter as sorbent for on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1103(1), 9-14.
Meuser, H. (2010). Contaminated urban soils (Vol. 18). Springer Science & Business Media.
Morrison, J. M., Goldhaber, M. B., Lee, L., Holloway, J. M., Wanty, R. B., Wolf, R. E., & Ranville, J. F. (2009). A regional-scale study of chromium and nickel in soils of northern California, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 24(8), 1500-1511.
Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D., & Sreekanth, T. V. M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental chemistry letters, 8(3), 199-216.
Omidbeygi, M., Barzegar, M., Hamidi, Z., & Naghdibadi, H. (2007). Antifungal activity of thyme, summer savory and clove essential oils against Aspergillus flavus in liquid medium and tomato paste. Food control, 18(12), 1518-1523.
Oze, C., Fendorf, S., Bird, D. K., & Coleman, R. G. (2004a). Chromium geochemistry in serpentinized ultramafic rocks and serpentine soils from the Franciscan complex of California. American Journal of Science, 304(1), 67-101.
Oze, C., Fendorf, S., Bird, D. K., & Coleman, R. G. (2004b). Chromium geochemistry of serpentine soils. International Geology Review, 46(2), 97-126.
Öksüztepe, G., & Erkan, S. (2016). Mikotoksinler ve halk sağlığı açısından önemi. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 190-195.
Patel, J. P., & Brook, M. S. (2021). Erionite asbestiform fibres and health risk in Aotearoa/New Zealand: A research note. New Zealand Geographer, 77(2), 123-129.
Rajapaksha, A. U., Vithanage, M., Oze, C., Bandara, W. M. A. T., & Weerasooriya, R. (2012). Nickel and manganese release in serpentine soil from the Ussangoda Ultramafic Complex, Sri Lanka. Geoderma, 189, 1-9.
Rastogi, S., Dogra, R. K. S., Khanna, S. K., & Das, M. (2006). Skin tumorigenic potential of aflatoxin B1 in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(5), 670-677.
Rodríguez-Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M., & Pennock, D. (2018). Soil pollution: a hidden reality.
Takeda, A., Kimura, K., & Yamasaki, S. I. (2004). Analysis of 57 elements in Japanese soils, with special reference to soil group and agricultural use. Geoderma, 119(3-4), 291-307
Tian, K., Huang, B., Xing, Z., & Hu, W. (2017). Geochemical baseline establishment and ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Dongtai, China. Ecological indicators, 72, 510-520.
Tsai, P. J., Shieh, H. Y., Lee, W. J., & Lai, S. O. (2002). Characterization of PAHs in the atmosphere of carbon black manufacturing workplaces. Journal of hazardous materials, 91(1-3), 25-42.
Viets Jr, F. G. (1962). Micronutrient availability, chemistry and availability of micronutrients in soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10(3), 174-178.
Vigneri, R., Malandrino, P., Gianì, F., Russo, M., & Vigneri, P. (2017). Heavy metals in the volcanic environment and thyroid cancer. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 457, 73-80.
Vithanage, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Oze, C., Rajakaruna, N., & Dissanayake, C. B. (2014). Metal release from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(6), 3415-3429.
Wagner, J. C., Skidmore, J. W., Hill, R. J., & Griffiths, D. M. (1985). Erionite exposure and mesotheliomas in rats. British Journal of Cancer, 51(5), 727-730.
Wang, X. Y., Li, Q. B., Luo, Y. M., Ding, Q., Xi, L. M., Ma, J. M., ... & Cheng, C. L. (2010). Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165(1), 295-305.
WHO, ed. (2009). WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. 94 pp.
Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M., & Aggarwal, D. (2004). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 80(5), 1106-1122.
Wilson, M. A., Burt, R., Indorante, S. J., Jenkins, A. B., Chiaretti, J. V., Ulmer, M. G., & Scheyer, J. M. (2008). Geochemistry in the modern soil survey program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 139(1), 151-171.
Yakupoğlu, T., Rızaoğlu, T., Dindaroğlu, T., Sesveren, S., Kara, Z., & Gündoğan, R. (2018). Comparison of two different ophiolite districts in terms of some soil physical properties of grounds. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 7(1), 1-8.
Yawas, D. S., Aku, S. Y., & Amaren, S. G. (2016). Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 28(1), 103-109.
Young, S., Balluz, L., & Malilay, J. (2004). Natural and technologic hazardous material releases during and after natural disasters: a review. Science of the total environment, 322(1-3), 3-20.