Toprak ve Toprak Kirliliği
Özet
Toprak kirliliği, fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik süreçleri etkileyerek toprak bozunumuna neden olan en önemli çevresel faktörlerden biridir. Doğal ekosistemlerin işleyişini, tarımsal üretkenliği ve insan sağlığını tehdit eden bu süreç; endüstriyel faaliyetler, yoğun tarım uygulamaları, madencilik ve atık yönetimindeki yetersizlikler sonucunda giderek artmaktadır. Toprak; su döngüsünün düzenlenmesi, besin elementlerinin depolanması, karbon tutulumu ve biyolojik üretkenliğin sürdürülmesi gibi hayati ekosistem işlevlerini yerine getiren karmaşık bir sistemdir. pH, organik madde miktarı, tekstür ve katyon değişim kapasitesi gibi temel toprak özellikleri kirleticilerin hareketi, birikimi ve biyoyararlanabilirliği üzerinde belirleyici rol oynar. Ağır metaller, pestisitler, petrol türevleri, kalıcı organik kirleticiler (POPs) ve yeni nesil kirleticiler (PFAS, nanomalzemeler) toprakta birikerek hem bitki hem hayvan hem de insan sağlığı açısından toksik etkiler oluşturur. Bu kirlilik, toprak fonksiyonlarının zayıflamasına, besin zincirinin bozulmasına ve ekosistem hizmetlerinin kaybına yol açmaktadır.
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