Vasküler Anomaliler

Virchow R. Berlin, Germany: Hirschwald; 1863. Angioma in die Krankhaften Geschwülste.

Mulliken and Young's vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and malformations JB Mulliken, PE Burrows, SJ Fishman 2013

Mulliken J B, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(03):412–422. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198203000-00002

Enjolras O. Classification and management of the various superficial vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. J Dermatol. 1997;24(11):701–710. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02522.x

Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Therapy doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1128

Anderson KR, Schoch JJ, Lohse CM et al.Increasing incidence of infantile hemangiomas (IH) over the past 35 years: Correlation with decreasing gestational age at birth and birth weight. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Jan;74(1):120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.024. Epub 2015 Oct 19. PMID: 26494585; PMCID: PMC4994883.

Ann M. Kulungowski and Steven J. Fishman. Vascular Anomalies. In: Arnold G. Coran, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean Martin Laberge, Anthony Caldamone,Robert Shamberger (eds). Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier. P.1613-30.

8.Hemangioma Investigator Group; Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Garzon MC, Horii KA, Lucky AW, Mancini AJ, Metry DW, Newell B, Nopper AJ, Frieden IJ. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics. J Pediatr. 2007 Mar;150(3):291-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.003. PMID: 17307549.

Ritter MR, Dorrell MI, Edmonds J, Friedlander SF, Friedlander M. Insulin-like growth factor 2 and potential regulators of hemangioma growth and involution identified by large-scale expression analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7455-60. doi: 10.1073/pnas.102185799. PMID: 12032304; PMCID: PMC124252.

Chamli A, Litaiem N. PHACE Syndrome. 2023 Jun 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 30969544.

Frade F, Kadlub N, Soupre V, Cassier S, Audry G, Vazquez MP, Picard A. Du PELVIS au LUMBAR syndrome : à propos de 2 cas [PELVIS or LUMBAR syndrome: the same entity. Two case reports]. Arch Pediatr. 2012 Jan;19(1):55-8. French. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Nov 17. Erratum in: Arch Pediatr. 2012 Mar;19(3):329. Audry, G [added]. PMID: 22099696.

Berk DR, Bayliss SJ, Merritt DF. Management Quandary. Extensive perineal infantile hemangioma with associated congenital anomalies: an example of the PELVIS syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007 Apr;20(2):105-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2007.01.002. PMID: 17418396.

Iacobas I, Phung TL, Adams DM, Trenor CC 3rd, Blei F, Fishman DS, Hammill A, Masand PM, Fishman SJ. Guidance Document for Hepatic Hemangioma (Infantile and Congenital) Evaluation and Monitoring. J Pediatr. 2018 Dec;203:294-300.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.012. Epub 2018 Sep 21. PMID: 30244993.

14.Boos MD, Castelo-Soccio L. Experience with topical timolol maleate for the treatment of ulcerated infantile hemangiomas (IH). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Mar;74(3):567-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.021. PMID: 26892656.

Olsen GM, Hansen LM, Stefanko NS, Mathes E, Puttgen KB, Tollefson MM, Lauren C, Mancini AJ, McCuaig CC, Frieden IJ, Adams D, Baselga E, Chamlin S, Gupta D, Frommelt P, Garzon MC, Horii K, Klajn J, Maheshwari M, Newell B, Nguyen HL, Nopper A, Powell J, Siegel DH, Drolet BA. Evaluating the Safety of Oral Propranolol Therapy in Patients With PHACE Syndrome. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Feb 1;156(2):186-190. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3839. PMID: 31825455; PMCID: PMC6990697.

Seebauer CT, Graus MS, Huang L, McCann A, Wylie-Sears J, Fontaine F, Karnezis T, Zurakowski D, Staffa SJ, Meunier F, Mulliken JB, Bischoff J, Francois M. Non-beta blocker enantiomers of propranolol and atenolol inhibit vasculogenesis in infantile hemangioma. J Clin Invest. 2022 Feb 1;132(3):e151109. doi: 10.1172/JCI151109. PMID: 34874911; PMCID: PMC8803322.

17.Liu C, Zhao ZL, Wu HW, Zheng JW, Wang YA, Liu XJ, Fan XD. Effect of combined low-dose oral prednisone with beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists for refractory infantile hemangiomas: retrospective cohort study in 76 patients. Ann Transl Med. 2019 Dec;7(23):750. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.94. PMID: 32042766; PMCID: PMC6989970.

Kleinman EP, Blei F, Adams D, Greenberger S. Sirolimus for diffuse intestinal infantile hemangioma with PHACE features: systematic review. Pediatr Res. 2023 May;93(6):1470-1479. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02325-z. Epub 2022 Sep 30. PMID: 36180586.

19.Kumar R, Tiwari P, Pandey V, Kar AG, Tiwary N, Sharma SP. A Clinicopathological Study to Assess the Role of Intralesional Sclerotherapy Following Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2021 Oct-Dec;14(4):409-415. doi: 10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_103_20. PMID: 35283595; PMCID: PMC8906266.

Sabry HH, Sorour NE, Akl EM. Intralesional injection of bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide in infantile hemangioma. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020 May;31(3):279-284. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1590521. Epub 2019 Mar 18. PMID: 30835573.

Krol A, MacArthur CJ. Congenital hemangiomas: rapidly involuting and noninvoluting congenital hemangiomas. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005 Sep-Oct;7(5):307-11. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.7.5.307. PMID: 16172338.

Powell J, Blouin MM, David M, Dubois J. Bleeding in congenital hemangiomas: crusting as a clinical predictive sign and usefulness of tranexamic acid. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 Mar-Apr;29(2):182-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01517.x. Epub 2011 Oct 13. PMID: 21995591.

Baselga E, Cordisco MR, Garzon M, Lee MT, Alomar A, Blei F. Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma associated with transient thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy: a case series. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Jun;158(6):1363-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08546.x. Epub 2008 Apr 10. PMID: 18410425.

Simsek E, Demiral M, Gundoğdu E. Severe consumptive hypothyroidism caused by multiple infantile hepatic haemangiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jul 26;31(7):823-827. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0055. PMID: 29953409.

Benzar IM, Levytskyi AF, Diehtiarova DS, Godik OS. HEPATIC VASCULAR TUMORS IN CHILDREN: POTENTIAL RISKS, OPTIMAL IMAGING AND THE ROLE OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION. Wiad Lek. 2022;75(5 pt 1):1064-1069. doi: 10.36740/WLek202205103. PMID: 35758479.

Herron MD, Coffin CM, Vanderhooft SL. Tufted angiomas: variability of the clinical morphology. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Sep-Oct;19(5):394-401. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00113.x. PMID: 12383094.

Javvaji S, Frieden IJ. Response of tufted angiomas to low-dose aspirin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Jan-Feb;30(1):124-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01709.x. Epub 2012 Mar 19. PMID: 22429045.

Bett JVS, Batistella EÂ, Melo G, Munhoz EA, Silva CAB, Guerra ENDS, Porporatti AL, De Luca Canto G. Prevalence of oral mucosal disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019 Apr;48(4):270-277. doi: 10.1111/jop.12831. Epub 2019 Feb 12. PMID: 30673134.

Blackwell MG, Itinteang T, Chibnall AM, Davis PF, Tan ST. Expression of embryonic stem cell markers in pyogenic granuloma. J Cutan Pathol. 2016 Dec;43(12):1096-1101. doi: 10.1111/cup.12786. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27509392.

Al Dhaybi R, Powell J, McCuaig C, Kokta V. Differentiation of vascular tumors from vascular malformations by expression of Wilms tumor 1 gene: evaluation of 126 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Dec;63(6):1052-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.017. PMID: 21093662.

Kelly M. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010 Oct;57(5):1085-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.07.006. Epub 2010 Aug 21. PMID: 20888459.

Chen C, Yan H, Yao W, Wang Z, Li K. Analysis of Risk Factors for Kasabach Merritt Phenomenon in Children With Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma. J Pediatr Surg. 2025 Feb;60(2):161932. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.161932. Epub 2024 Sep 28. PMID: 39389877.

Drolet BA, Trenor CC 3rd, Brandão LR, Chiu YE, Chun RH, Dasgupta R, Garzon MC, Hammill AM, Johnson CM, Tlougan B, Blei F, David M, Elluru R, Frieden IJ, Friedlander SF, Iacobas I, Jensen JN, King DM, Lee MT, Nelson S, Patel M, Pope E, Powell J, Seefeldt M, Siegel DH, Kelly M, Adams DM. Consensus-derived practice standards plan for complicated Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. J Pediatr. 2013 Jul;163(1):285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.080. PMID: 23796341.

Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Lipworth L, McLaughlin JK. Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003 Oct;12(5):427-30. doi: 10.1097/00008469-200310000-00012. PMID: 14512808.

Ayadi L, Khabir A. Pediatric angiosarcoma of soft tissue: a rare clinicopathologic entity. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Mar;134(3):481-5. doi: 10.5858/134.3.481. PMID: 20196675.

Uller W, Alomari AI, Richter GT. Arteriovenous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2014 Aug;23(4):203-7. doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.005. Epub 2014 Jul 21. PMID: 25241099.

Greene AK, Orbach DB. Management of arteriovenous malformations. Clin Plast Surg. 2011 Jan;38(1):95-106. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2010.08.005. PMID: 21095475.

Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Sep;102(3):643-54. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199809030-00006. PMID: 9727427.

Shovlin CL, Simeoni I, Downes K, Frazer ZC, Megy K, Bernabeu-Herrero ME, Shurr A, Brimley J, Patel D, Kell L, Stephens J, Turbin IG, Aldred MA, Penkett CJ, Ouwehand WH, Jovine L, Turro E. Mutational and phenotypic characterization of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Blood. 2020 Oct 22;136(17):1907-1918. doi: 10.1182/blood.2019004560. PMID: 32573726; PMCID: PMC7717479.

Joyce KE, Onabanjo E, Brownlow S, Nur F, Olupona K, Fakayode K, Sroya M, Thomas GA, Ferguson T, Redhead J, Millar CM, Cooper N, Layton DM, Boardman-Pretty F, Caulfield MJ; Genomics England Research Consortium; Shovlin CL. Whole genome sequences discriminate hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia phenotypes by non-HHT deleterious DNA variation. Blood Adv. 2022 Jul 12;6(13):3956-3969. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007136. PMID: 35316832; PMCID: PMC9278305.

Faughnan ME, Palda VA, Garcia-Tsao G, Geisthoff UW, McDonald J, Proctor DD, Spears J, Brown DH, Buscarini E, Chesnutt MS, Cottin V, Ganguly A, Gossage JR, Guttmacher AE, Hyland RH, Kennedy SJ, Korzenik J, Mager JJ, Ozanne AP, Piccirillo JF, Picus D, Plauchu H, Porteous ME, Pyeritz RE, Ross DA, Sabba C, Swanson K, Terry P, Wallace MC, Westermann CJ, White RI, Young LH, Zarrabeitia R; HHT Foundation International - Guidelines Working Group. International guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Med Genet. 2011 Feb;48(2):73-87. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.069013. Epub 2009 Jun 23. PMID: 19553198.

Dompmartin A, van der Vleuten CJM, Dekeuleneer V, Duprez T, Revencu N, Désir J, Te Loo DMWM, Flucke U, Eijkelenboom A, Schultze Kool L, Vikkula M, Boon L. GNA11-mutated Sturge-Weber syndrome has distinct neurological and dermatological features. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Oct;29(10):3061-3070. doi: 10.1111/ene.15452. Epub 2022 Jul 13. PMID: 35715928.

Hershkovitz D, Bercovich D, Sprecher E, Lapidot M. RASA1 mutations may cause hereditary capillary malformations without arteriovenous malformations. Br J Dermatol. 2008 May;158(5):1035-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08493.x. Epub 2008 Mar 20. PMID: 18363760.

Amitai DB, Fichman S, Merlob P, Morad Y, Lapidoth M, Metzker A. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: clinical findings in 85 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000 Mar-Apr;17(2):100-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01723.x. PMID: 10792796.

Wiegand S, Eivazi B, Zimmermann AP, Sesterhenn AM, Werner JA. Sclerotherapy of lymphangiomas of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2011 Nov;33(11):1649-55. doi: 10.1002/hed.21552. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PMID: 20737487.

Mazoyer E, Enjolras O, Bisdorff A, Perdu J, Wassef M, Drouet L. Coagulation disorders in patients with venous malformation of the limbs and trunk: a case series of 118 patients. Arch Dermatol. 2008 Jul;144(7):861-7. doi: 10.1001/archderm.144.7.861. PMID: 18645137.

Nguyen HL, Bonadurer GF 3rd, Tollefson MM. Vascular Malformations and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Jun 1;154(6):661-669. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.0002. PMID: 29562060; PMCID: PMC5876813.

Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Genetic causes of vascular malformations. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Oct 15;16 Spec No. 2:R140-9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddm211. Epub 2007 Jul 31. PMID: 17670762.

Goyal M, Causer PA, Armstrong D. Venous vascular malformations in pediatric patients: comparison of results of alcohol sclerotherapy with proposed MR imaging classification. Radiology. 2002 Jun;223(3):639-44. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2233010025. PMID: 12034929.

Mack JM, Verkamp B, Richter GT, Nicholas R, Stewart K, Crary SE. Effect of sirolimus on coagulopathy of slow-flow vascular malformations. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019 Oct;66(10):e27896. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27896. Epub 2019 Jun 28. PMID: 31250546.

Behravesh S, Yakes W, Gupta N, Naidu S, Chong BW, Khademhosseini A, Oklu R. Venous malformations: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016 Dec;6(6):557-569. doi: 10.21037/cdt.2016.11.10. PMID: 28123976; PMCID: PMC5220204.

van der Vleuten CJ, Kater A, Wijnen MH, Schultze Kool LJ, Rovers MM. Effectiveness of sclerotherapy, surgery, and laser therapy in patients with venous malformations: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014 Aug;37(4):977-89. doi: 10.1007/s00270-013-0764-2. Epub 2013 Nov 7. PMID: 24196269.

Bloom J, Upton J 3rd. CLOVES syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2013 Dec;38(12):2508-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.08.120. Epub 2013 Oct 23. PMID: 24161472.

de Grazia R, Giordano C, Cossio L, Downey C, Delucchi Á, Kramer D. CLOVES syndrome: Treatment with oral Rapamycin. Report of two cases. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2019 Dec;90(6):662-667. English, Spanish. doi: 10.32641/rchped.v90i6.1025. PMID: 32186590.

Virchow R. Berlin, Germany: Hirschwald; 1863. Angioma in die Krankhaften Geschwülste.

Mulliken and Young's vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and malformations JB Mulliken, PE Burrows, SJ Fishman 2013

Mulliken J B, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(03):412–422. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198203000-00002

Enjolras O. Classification and management of the various superficial vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. J Dermatol. 1997;24(11):701–710. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02522.x

Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Therapy doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1128

Anderson KR, Schoch JJ, Lohse CM et al.Increasing incidence of infantile hemangiomas (IH) over the past 35 years: Correlation with decreasing gestational age at birth and birth weight. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Jan;74(1):120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.024. Epub 2015 Oct 19. PMID: 26494585; PMCID: PMC4994883.

Ann M. Kulungowski and Steven J. Fishman. Vascular Anomalies. In: Arnold G. Coran, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean Martin Laberge, Anthony Caldamone,Robert Shamberger (eds). Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier. P.1613-30.

8.Hemangioma Investigator Group; Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Garzon MC, Horii KA, Lucky AW, Mancini AJ, Metry DW, Newell B, Nopper AJ, Frieden IJ. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics. J Pediatr. 2007 Mar;150(3):291-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.003. PMID: 17307549.

Ritter MR, Dorrell MI, Edmonds J, Friedlander SF, Friedlander M. Insulin-like growth factor 2 and potential regulators of hemangioma growth and involution identified by large-scale expression analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7455-60. doi: 10.1073/pnas.102185799. PMID: 12032304; PMCID: PMC124252.

Chamli A, Litaiem N. PHACE Syndrome. 2023 Jun 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 30969544.

Frade F, Kadlub N, Soupre V, Cassier S, Audry G, Vazquez MP, Picard A. Du PELVIS au LUMBAR syndrome : à propos de 2 cas [PELVIS or LUMBAR syndrome: the same entity. Two case reports]. Arch Pediatr. 2012 Jan;19(1):55-8. French. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Nov 17. Erratum in: Arch Pediatr. 2012 Mar;19(3):329. Audry, G [added]. PMID: 22099696.

Berk DR, Bayliss SJ, Merritt DF. Management Quandary. Extensive perineal infantile hemangioma with associated congenital anomalies: an example of the PELVIS syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007 Apr;20(2):105-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2007.01.002. PMID: 17418396.

Iacobas I, Phung TL, Adams DM, Trenor CC 3rd, Blei F, Fishman DS, Hammill A, Masand PM, Fishman SJ. Guidance Document for Hepatic Hemangioma (Infantile and Congenital) Evaluation and Monitoring. J Pediatr. 2018 Dec;203:294-300.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.012. Epub 2018 Sep 21. PMID: 30244993.

14.Boos MD, Castelo-Soccio L. Experience with topical timolol maleate for the treatment of ulcerated infantile hemangiomas (IH). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Mar;74(3):567-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.021. PMID: 26892656.

Olsen GM, Hansen LM, Stefanko NS, Mathes E, Puttgen KB, Tollefson MM, Lauren C, Mancini AJ, McCuaig CC, Frieden IJ, Adams D, Baselga E, Chamlin S, Gupta D, Frommelt P, Garzon MC, Horii K, Klajn J, Maheshwari M, Newell B, Nguyen HL, Nopper A, Powell J, Siegel DH, Drolet BA. Evaluating the Safety of Oral Propranolol Therapy in Patients With PHACE Syndrome. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Feb 1;156(2):186-190. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3839. PMID: 31825455; PMCID: PMC6990697.

Seebauer CT, Graus MS, Huang L, McCann A, Wylie-Sears J, Fontaine F, Karnezis T, Zurakowski D, Staffa SJ, Meunier F, Mulliken JB, Bischoff J, Francois M. Non-beta blocker enantiomers of propranolol and atenolol inhibit vasculogenesis in infantile hemangioma. J Clin Invest. 2022 Feb 1;132(3):e151109. doi: 10.1172/JCI151109. PMID: 34874911; PMCID: PMC8803322.

17.Liu C, Zhao ZL, Wu HW, Zheng JW, Wang YA, Liu XJ, Fan XD. Effect of combined low-dose oral prednisone with beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists for refractory infantile hemangiomas: retrospective cohort study in 76 patients. Ann Transl Med. 2019 Dec;7(23):750. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.94. PMID: 32042766; PMCID: PMC6989970.

Kleinman EP, Blei F, Adams D, Greenberger S. Sirolimus for diffuse intestinal infantile hemangioma with PHACE features: systematic review. Pediatr Res. 2023 May;93(6):1470-1479. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02325-z. Epub 2022 Sep 30. PMID: 36180586.

19.Kumar R, Tiwari P, Pandey V, Kar AG, Tiwary N, Sharma SP. A Clinicopathological Study to Assess the Role of Intralesional Sclerotherapy Following Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2021 Oct-Dec;14(4):409-415. doi: 10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_103_20. PMID: 35283595; PMCID: PMC8906266.

Sabry HH, Sorour NE, Akl EM. Intralesional injection of bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide in infantile hemangioma. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020 May;31(3):279-284. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1590521. Epub 2019 Mar 18. PMID: 30835573.

Krol A, MacArthur CJ. Congenital hemangiomas: rapidly involuting and noninvoluting congenital hemangiomas. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005 Sep-Oct;7(5):307-11. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.7.5.307. PMID: 16172338.

Powell J, Blouin MM, David M, Dubois J. Bleeding in congenital hemangiomas: crusting as a clinical predictive sign and usefulness of tranexamic acid. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 Mar-Apr;29(2):182-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01517.x. Epub 2011 Oct 13. PMID: 21995591.

Baselga E, Cordisco MR, Garzon M, Lee MT, Alomar A, Blei F. Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma associated with transient thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy: a case series. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Jun;158(6):1363-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08546.x. Epub 2008 Apr 10. PMID: 18410425.

Simsek E, Demiral M, Gundoğdu E. Severe consumptive hypothyroidism caused by multiple infantile hepatic haemangiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jul 26;31(7):823-827. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0055. PMID: 29953409.

Benzar IM, Levytskyi AF, Diehtiarova DS, Godik OS. HEPATIC VASCULAR TUMORS IN CHILDREN: POTENTIAL RISKS, OPTIMAL IMAGING AND THE ROLE OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION. Wiad Lek. 2022;75(5 pt 1):1064-1069. doi: 10.36740/WLek202205103. PMID: 35758479.

Herron MD, Coffin CM, Vanderhooft SL. Tufted angiomas: variability of the clinical morphology. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Sep-Oct;19(5):394-401. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00113.x. PMID: 12383094.

Javvaji S, Frieden IJ. Response of tufted angiomas to low-dose aspirin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Jan-Feb;30(1):124-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01709.x. Epub 2012 Mar 19. PMID: 22429045.

Bett JVS, Batistella EÂ, Melo G, Munhoz EA, Silva CAB, Guerra ENDS, Porporatti AL, De Luca Canto G. Prevalence of oral mucosal disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019 Apr;48(4):270-277. doi: 10.1111/jop.12831. Epub 2019 Feb 12. PMID: 30673134.

Blackwell MG, Itinteang T, Chibnall AM, Davis PF, Tan ST. Expression of embryonic stem cell markers in pyogenic granuloma. J Cutan Pathol. 2016 Dec;43(12):1096-1101. doi: 10.1111/cup.12786. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27509392.

Al Dhaybi R, Powell J, McCuaig C, Kokta V. Differentiation of vascular tumors from vascular malformations by expression of Wilms tumor 1 gene: evaluation of 126 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Dec;63(6):1052-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.017. PMID: 21093662.

Kelly M. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010 Oct;57(5):1085-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.07.006. Epub 2010 Aug 21. PMID: 20888459.

Chen C, Yan H, Yao W, Wang Z, Li K. Analysis of Risk Factors for Kasabach Merritt Phenomenon in Children With Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma. J Pediatr Surg. 2025 Feb;60(2):161932. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.161932. Epub 2024 Sep 28. PMID: 39389877.

Drolet BA, Trenor CC 3rd, Brandão LR, Chiu YE, Chun RH, Dasgupta R, Garzon MC, Hammill AM, Johnson CM, Tlougan B, Blei F, David M, Elluru R, Frieden IJ, Friedlander SF, Iacobas I, Jensen JN, King DM, Lee MT, Nelson S, Patel M, Pope E, Powell J, Seefeldt M, Siegel DH, Kelly M, Adams DM. Consensus-derived practice standards plan for complicated Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. J Pediatr. 2013 Jul;163(1):285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.080. PMID: 23796341.

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