Feokromositoma

Tischler AS. Pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma: updates. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2008;132(8):1272–1284.

DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds.). WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.

Berends AMA, Buitenwerf E, de Krijger RR, Veeger NJGM, van der Horst-Schrivers ANA, Links TP. Incidence of pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma: A nationwide study and systematic review. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;51:68–73. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.015

de Miguel VC, Aparicio LS, Sansó G, et al. Seventy years of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in Argentina: The FRENAR database. Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular. 2024;41(3):170–178. doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2024.04.001

Neumann HPH, Young WF, Eng C. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(6):552–565. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1806651

Fishbein L. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: genetics, diagnosis, and treatment. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2016;30(1):135–150. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2015.09.010

Bausch B, Wellner U, Bausch D, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with pediatric pheochromocytoma. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2014;21(1):17–25. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0436

Mulligan LM. RET revisited: expanding the oncogenic portfolio. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(3):173–186. doi:10.1038/nrc3687

Dahia PLM. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma pathogenesis: Learning from genetic heterogeneity. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(2):108–119. doi:10.1038/nrc3648

Friedman JM. Neurofibromatosis 1. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM (eds.) GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1109/ [Accessed: 13th June 2025]

Gill AJ. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient neoplasia. Histopathology. 2018;72(1):106–116. doi:10.1111/his.13277

Manger WM, Gifford RW. Pheochromocytoma. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2002;4(1):62–72. doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2002.01452.x

Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(6):1915–1942. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1498

Stolk RF, Bakx C, Mulder J, et al. Is the excess cardiovascular morbidity in pheochromocytoma related to blood pressure or to catecholamines? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(3):1100–1106. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3342

Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003;88(6):2656–2666. doi:10.1210/ jc.2002-030005

Ilias I, Pacak K. Current approaches and recommended algorithm for the diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2004;89(2):479–491.

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS. Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. October 2005. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;3(2):92–102. doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0406

Gifford RW Jr, Kvale WF Jr, Maher FT, et al. Pheochromocytoma: current status and changing concepts. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1964;113:126–139.

Francis GL, Blake MA, Balis FM, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children and adolescents. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2013;60(7):1195–1202. doi:10.1002/pbc.24461

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, et al. Current approaches to the diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;146(6):457–468.

Kinney MA, Narr BJ, Warner MA. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2002;16(3):359–369.

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Neumann HP, et al. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy—results of 560 procedures in 520 patients. Surgical Endoscopy. 2006;20(11):1587–1595.

Munch M, Taner T, Levine EA, et al. Laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytoma: a single-center experience. Surgery. 2011;150(2):296–303.

Walz MK, Alesina PF, Wenger FA, et al. Laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: results of 161 tumors in 126 patients. World Journal of Surgery. 2006;30(5):899–908. doi:10.1007/s00268-005-0144-0

Goffredo P, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large pheochromocytomas in the U.S.: analysis of 3406 cases. World Journal of Surgery. 2013;37(6):1338–1344. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-1984-1

Zhang X, Zhang J, Sun Y, et al. Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy for large pheochromocytomas: a meta-analysis. BMC Surgery. 2021;21(1):11. doi:10.1186/s12893-020-01020-5

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Neumann HP, et al. Endoscopic versus open resection of adrenal tumors: the patients’ view. Surgery. 2004;136(6):1045–1051. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2004.05.015

Gonzalez RJ, Shapiro S, Sarlis NJ, et al. Role of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the management of suspected adrenal malignancy. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2005;200(6):990–996. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.02.011

Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, et al. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(19):1459–1466. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020152

Shen WT, Kebebew E, Clark OH, Duh QY. Reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy: review of 261 laparoscopic adrenalectomies from a single institution. World Journal of Surgery. 2004;28(11):1176–1179. doi:10.1007/s00268-004-7507-1

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Rothmund M. Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for bilateral pheochromocytoma. World Journal of Surgery. 1998;22(8):791–796.

Ross EJ, Pacak K. Current concepts in the perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(2):438–445.

Pogorzelski R, Toutounchi S, Krajewska E, et al. The effect of surgical treatment of phaeochromocytoma on concomitant arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a single-centre retrospective study. Central European Journal of Urology. 2014;67(4):361–365. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.04.art9

Perry KA, El Youssef R, Pham TH, Sheppard BC. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large unilateral pheochromocytoma: experience in a large academic medical center. Surgical Endoscopy. 2010;24(6):1462–1467. doi:10.1007/s00464-009-0801-z

Araki S, Kijima T, Waseda Y, et al. Incidence and predictive factors of hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma resection. International Journal of Urology. 2019;26(2):273–277. doi:10.1111/iju.13864

Torresan F, Beber A, Schiavone D, Zovato S, Galuppini F, Crimì F, Ceccato F, Iacobone M. Long-Term Outcomes after Surgery for Pheochromocytoma and Sympathetic Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel). 2023 May 24;15(11):2890. doi: 10.3390/cancers15112890. PMID: 37296853; PMCID: PMC10252063.

Kuo MJM, Nazari MA, Jha A, Pacak K. Pediatric metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: clinical presentation and diagnosis, genetics, and therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13:936178. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.936178

Tischler AS. Pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma: updates. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2008;132(8):1272–1284.

DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds.). WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.

Berends AMA, Buitenwerf E, de Krijger RR, Veeger NJGM, van der Horst-Schrivers ANA, Links TP. Incidence of pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma: A nationwide study and systematic review. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;51:68–73. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.015

de Miguel VC, Aparicio LS, Sansó G, et al. Seventy years of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in Argentina: The FRENAR database. Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular. 2024;41(3):170–178. doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2024.04.001

Neumann HPH, Young WF, Eng C. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(6):552–565. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1806651

Fishbein L. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: genetics, diagnosis, and treatment. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2016;30(1):135–150. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2015.09.010

Bausch B, Wellner U, Bausch D, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with pediatric pheochromocytoma. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2014;21(1):17–25. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0436

Mulligan LM. RET revisited: expanding the oncogenic portfolio. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(3):173–186. doi:10.1038/nrc3687

Dahia PLM. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma pathogenesis: Learning from genetic heterogeneity. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(2):108–119. doi:10.1038/nrc3648

Friedman JM. Neurofibromatosis 1. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM (eds.) GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1109/ [Accessed: 13th June 2025]

Gill AJ. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient neoplasia. Histopathology. 2018;72(1):106–116. doi:10.1111/his.13277

Manger WM, Gifford RW. Pheochromocytoma. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2002;4(1):62–72. doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2002.01452.x

Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(6):1915–1942. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1498

Stolk RF, Bakx C, Mulder J, et al. Is the excess cardiovascular morbidity in pheochromocytoma related to blood pressure or to catecholamines? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(3):1100–1106. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3342

Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003;88(6):2656–2666. doi:10.1210/ jc.2002-030005

Ilias I, Pacak K. Current approaches and recommended algorithm for the diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2004;89(2):479–491.

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS. Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. October 2005. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;3(2):92–102. doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0406

Gifford RW Jr, Kvale WF Jr, Maher FT, et al. Pheochromocytoma: current status and changing concepts. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1964;113:126–139.

Francis GL, Blake MA, Balis FM, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children and adolescents. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2013;60(7):1195–1202. doi:10.1002/pbc.24461

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, et al. Current approaches to the diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;146(6):457–468.

Kinney MA, Narr BJ, Warner MA. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2002;16(3):359–369.

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Neumann HP, et al. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy—results of 560 procedures in 520 patients. Surgical Endoscopy. 2006;20(11):1587–1595.

Munch M, Taner T, Levine EA, et al. Laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytoma: a single-center experience. Surgery. 2011;150(2):296–303.

Walz MK, Alesina PF, Wenger FA, et al. Laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: results of 161 tumors in 126 patients. World Journal of Surgery. 2006;30(5):899–908. doi:10.1007/s00268-005-0144-0

Goffredo P, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large pheochromocytomas in the U.S.: analysis of 3406 cases. World Journal of Surgery. 2013;37(6):1338–1344. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-1984-1

Zhang X, Zhang J, Sun Y, et al. Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy for large pheochromocytomas: a meta-analysis. BMC Surgery. 2021;21(1):11. doi:10.1186/s12893-020-01020-5

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Neumann HP, et al. Endoscopic versus open resection of adrenal tumors: the patients’ view. Surgery. 2004;136(6):1045–1051. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2004.05.015

Gonzalez RJ, Shapiro S, Sarlis NJ, et al. Role of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the management of suspected adrenal malignancy. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2005;200(6):990–996. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.02.011

Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, et al. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(19):1459–1466. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020152

Shen WT, Kebebew E, Clark OH, Duh QY. Reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy: review of 261 laparoscopic adrenalectomies from a single institution. World Journal of Surgery. 2004;28(11):1176–1179. doi:10.1007/s00268-004-7507-1

Walz MK, Peitgen K, Rothmund M. Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for bilateral pheochromocytoma. World Journal of Surgery. 1998;22(8):791–796.

Ross EJ, Pacak K. Current concepts in the perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(2):438–445.

Pogorzelski R, Toutounchi S, Krajewska E, et al. The effect of surgical treatment of phaeochromocytoma on concomitant arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a single-centre retrospective study. Central European Journal of Urology. 2014;67(4):361–365. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.04.art9

Perry KA, El Youssef R, Pham TH, Sheppard BC. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large unilateral pheochromocytoma: experience in a large academic medical center. Surgical Endoscopy. 2010;24(6):1462–1467. doi:10.1007/s00464-009-0801-z

Araki S, Kijima T, Waseda Y, et al. Incidence and predictive factors of hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma resection. International Journal of Urology. 2019;26(2):273–277. doi:10.1111/iju.13864

Torresan F, Beber A, Schiavone D, Zovato S, Galuppini F, Crimì F, Ceccato F, Iacobone M. Long-Term Outcomes after Surgery for Pheochromocytoma and Sympathetic Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel). 2023 May 24;15(11):2890. doi: 10.3390/cancers15112890. PMID: 37296853; PMCID: PMC10252063.

Kuo MJM, Nazari MA, Jha A, Pacak K. Pediatric metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: clinical presentation and diagnosis, genetics, and therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13:936178. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.936178