Çocukluk Çağı Tiroid Kitleleri

Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalence than in adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(8):3238-3245. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1796

Scholz S, Smith JR, Chaignaud B, Shamberger RC, Huang SA. Thyroid surgery at Children's Hospital Boston: a 35-year single-institution experience. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2011;46(3):437-442. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.09.009

Larsen WJ. Human Embryology. Churchill Livingstone, 2001.

De Felice M, Di Lauro R. Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocr Reviews. 2004;25(5):722-746. doi:10.1210/er.2003-0028

Standring S, ed. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd ed. Elsevier; 2020.

Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2019.

Carty SE, et al. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Coran’s Pediatric Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022.

Skandalakis JE, et al. Surgical Anatomy and Technique: A Pocket Manual. Springer; 2013.

Ates A, et al. Vascular anatomy of thyroid gland. Turk J Surg. 2015;31(2):90–93.

Fundakowski CE, Hales NW, Agrawal N, et al. Surgical management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: American Head and Neck Society Consensus Statement. Head & Neck. 2018;40(4):663-675. doi:10.1002/hed.24928

Lennquist S, Cahlin C, Smeds S. The superior laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Surgery. 1987;102(6):999-1008.

Guyton, A.C., Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Ed. Elsevier, 2015.

Mussa A, De Andrea M, Motta M, Mormile A, Palestini N, Corrias A. Predictors of Malignancy in Children with Thyroid Nodules. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2015;167(4):886-892.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.026

Hogan AR, Zhuge Y, Perez EA, Koniaris LG, Lew JI, Sola JE. Pediatric thyroid carcinoma: incidence and outcomes in 1753 patients. Journal of Surgical Research. 2009;156(1):167-172. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.098

Dinauer CA, Breuer C, Rivkees SA. Differentiated thyroid cancer in children: Diagnosis and management. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2008;20:59.

La Quaglia MP, Black T, Holcomb GW 3rd, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome in patients under 21 years of age who present with distant metastases. A report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000;35(6):955-960. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.6935

Lazar L, Lebenthal Y, Steinmetz A, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients: comparison of presentation and course between pre-pubertal children and adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(5):708-714. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.059

Ashcraft KW, Holcomb GW, Murphy JP. Pediatric Surgery. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2020. p. 1217-1239.

Kaminskyi OV, Kopylova OV, Afanasyev DE, et al. Non cancer thyroid and other endocrine disease in children and adults exposed to ionizing radiation after the ChNPP accident. Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiolgy. 2015;20:341–355.

Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiation Research. 1995;141(3):259-277.

Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-759. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0460

Lebbink CA, Links TP, Czarniecka A, et al. 2022 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of pediatric thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Europian Thyroid Journal. 2022;11(6):e220146. Published 2022 Nov 29. doi:10.1530/ETJ-22-0146

Coran AG, Adzick NS, Krummel TM, Laberge JM, Shamberger RC, Caldamone AA. Pediatric Surgery. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2012. p. 2165–2170.

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis [published correction appears in Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1462. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.correx.]. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229

Lachlan KL, Lucassen AM, Bunyan D, Temple IK. Cowden syndrome and Bannayan Riley Ruvalcaba syndrome represent one condition with variable expression and age-related penetrance: results of a clinical study of PTEN mutation carriers. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2007;44(9):579-585. doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.049981

Niedziela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2006;13(2):427-453. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00882

WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors, 5th ed. IARC; 2022.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, et al. Activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers. Cancer Res. 1988;48(16):4459-4463.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, et al. High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 1989;4(2):159-164.

Bongarzone I, Butti MG, Coronelli S, et al. Frequent activation of ret protooncogene by fusion with a new activating gene in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Research. 1994;54(11):2979-2985.

De Luca F, Santucci S, Corica D, Pitrolo E, Romeo M, Aversa T. Hashimoto's thyroiditis in childhood: presentation modes and evolution over time. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2013;39:8. Published 2013 Jan 30. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-39-8

Léger J, Carel JC. Hyperthyroidism in childhood: causes, when and how to treat. Journal of Clinical Research of Pediatric Endocrinolgy. 2013;5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):50-56. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.854

Christison-Lagay ER, Baertschiger RM, Dinauer C, et al. Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma: An update from the APSA Cancer Committee. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2020;55(11):2273-2283. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.05.003

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567-610. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0335

Moudgil P, Vellody R, Heider A, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pediatric thyroid nodules. Pediatric Radiolgy. 2016;46(3):365-371. doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3478-6

Ali SZ, Baloch ZW, Cochand-Priollet B, Schmitt FC, Vielh P, VanderLaan PA. The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2023;33(9):1039-1044. doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0141

Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC. Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2002;87(9):4154-4159. doi:10.1210/jc.2001-011762

Brown RE, Harave S. Diagnostic imaging of benign and malignant neck masses in children-a pictorial review. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2016;6(5):591-604. doi:10.21037/qims.2016.10.10

de Vries L, Bulvik S, Phillip M. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents: at presentation and during long-term follow-up. Archieve of Disease in Childhood. 2009;94(1):33-37. doi:10.1136/adc.2007.134841

Sandy JL, Titmuss A, Hameed S, Cho YH, Sandler G, Benitez-Aguirre P. Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: Investigation and management. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2022;58(12):2163-2168. doi:10.1111/jpc.16257

Newman KD, Black T, Heller G, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis: a report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Annals of Surgery. 1998;227(4):533-541. doi:10.1097/00000658-199804000-00014

Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2001;86(12):5658-5671. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8070

Dralle H, Weber F, Lorenz K, Machens A. 30 Jahre prophylaktische Thyreoidektomie beim hereditären medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom : Ein Meilenstein translationaler Medizin [30 years of prophylactic thyroidectomy for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer : A milestone in translational medicine]. Chirurgie (Heidelb). 2024;95(8):638-650. doi:10.1007/s00104-024-02105-x

Chang EHE, Lutfi W, Feinglass J, Reiher AE, Moo-Young T, Bhayani MK. National Trends in the Surgical Treatment of Non-advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC): An Evaluation of Adherence with the 2009 American Thyroid Association Guidelines. World Journal of Surgery. 2016;40(12):2930-2940. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3643-6

Baumgarten HD, Bauer AJ, Isaza A, Mostoufi-Moab S, Kazahaya K, Adzick NS. Surgical management of pediatric thyroid disease: Complication rates after thyroidectomy at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia high-volume Pediatric Thyroid Center. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2019;54(10):1969-1975. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.009

Coutant R, Lugat A, Mirallié É, Oliver-Petit I, Stoupa A, Drui D. SFE-AFCE-SFMN 2022 Consensus on the management of thyroid nodules : Thyroid nodules in children. Annals of Endocrinolgy (Paris). 2022;83(6):431-434. doi:10.1016/j.ando.2022.10.007

Verburg FA, Luster M, Cupini C, et al. Implications of thyroglobulin antibody positivity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a clinical position statement. Thyroid. 2013;23(10):1211-1225. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0606

Rubino C, de Vathaire F, Dottorini ME, et al. Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer. 2003;89(9):1638-1644. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319

Sawka AM, Lakra DC, Lea J, et al. A systematic review examining the effects of therapeutic radioactive iodine on ovarian function and future pregnancy in female thyroid cancer survivors. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf). 2008;69(3):479-490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03222.x

Machens A, Dralle H. Biomarker-based risk stratification for previously untreated medullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2010;95(6):2655-2663. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2368

Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalence than in adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(8):3238-3245. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1796

Scholz S, Smith JR, Chaignaud B, Shamberger RC, Huang SA. Thyroid surgery at Children's Hospital Boston: a 35-year single-institution experience. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2011;46(3):437-442. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.09.009

Larsen WJ. Human Embryology. Churchill Livingstone, 2001.

De Felice M, Di Lauro R. Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocr Reviews. 2004;25(5):722-746. doi:10.1210/er.2003-0028

Standring S, ed. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd ed. Elsevier; 2020.

Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2019.

Carty SE, et al. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Coran’s Pediatric Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022.

Skandalakis JE, et al. Surgical Anatomy and Technique: A Pocket Manual. Springer; 2013.

Ates A, et al. Vascular anatomy of thyroid gland. Turk J Surg. 2015;31(2):90–93.

Fundakowski CE, Hales NW, Agrawal N, et al. Surgical management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: American Head and Neck Society Consensus Statement. Head & Neck. 2018;40(4):663-675. doi:10.1002/hed.24928

Lennquist S, Cahlin C, Smeds S. The superior laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Surgery. 1987;102(6):999-1008.

Guyton, A.C., Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Ed. Elsevier, 2015.

Mussa A, De Andrea M, Motta M, Mormile A, Palestini N, Corrias A. Predictors of Malignancy in Children with Thyroid Nodules. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2015;167(4):886-892.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.026

Hogan AR, Zhuge Y, Perez EA, Koniaris LG, Lew JI, Sola JE. Pediatric thyroid carcinoma: incidence and outcomes in 1753 patients. Journal of Surgical Research. 2009;156(1):167-172. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.098

Dinauer CA, Breuer C, Rivkees SA. Differentiated thyroid cancer in children: Diagnosis and management. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2008;20:59.

La Quaglia MP, Black T, Holcomb GW 3rd, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome in patients under 21 years of age who present with distant metastases. A report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000;35(6):955-960. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.6935

Lazar L, Lebenthal Y, Steinmetz A, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients: comparison of presentation and course between pre-pubertal children and adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(5):708-714. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.059

Ashcraft KW, Holcomb GW, Murphy JP. Pediatric Surgery. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2020. p. 1217-1239.

Kaminskyi OV, Kopylova OV, Afanasyev DE, et al. Non cancer thyroid and other endocrine disease in children and adults exposed to ionizing radiation after the ChNPP accident. Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiolgy. 2015;20:341–355.

Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiation Research. 1995;141(3):259-277.

Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-759. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0460

Lebbink CA, Links TP, Czarniecka A, et al. 2022 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of pediatric thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Europian Thyroid Journal. 2022;11(6):e220146. Published 2022 Nov 29. doi:10.1530/ETJ-22-0146

Coran AG, Adzick NS, Krummel TM, Laberge JM, Shamberger RC, Caldamone AA. Pediatric Surgery. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2012. p. 2165–2170.

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis [published correction appears in Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1462. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.correx.]. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229

Lachlan KL, Lucassen AM, Bunyan D, Temple IK. Cowden syndrome and Bannayan Riley Ruvalcaba syndrome represent one condition with variable expression and age-related penetrance: results of a clinical study of PTEN mutation carriers. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2007;44(9):579-585. doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.049981

Niedziela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2006;13(2):427-453. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00882

WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors, 5th ed. IARC; 2022.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, et al. Activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers. Cancer Res. 1988;48(16):4459-4463.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, et al. High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 1989;4(2):159-164.

Bongarzone I, Butti MG, Coronelli S, et al. Frequent activation of ret protooncogene by fusion with a new activating gene in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Research. 1994;54(11):2979-2985.

De Luca F, Santucci S, Corica D, Pitrolo E, Romeo M, Aversa T. Hashimoto's thyroiditis in childhood: presentation modes and evolution over time. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2013;39:8. Published 2013 Jan 30. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-39-8

Léger J, Carel JC. Hyperthyroidism in childhood: causes, when and how to treat. Journal of Clinical Research of Pediatric Endocrinolgy. 2013;5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):50-56. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.854

Christison-Lagay ER, Baertschiger RM, Dinauer C, et al. Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma: An update from the APSA Cancer Committee. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2020;55(11):2273-2283. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.05.003

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567-610. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0335

Moudgil P, Vellody R, Heider A, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pediatric thyroid nodules. Pediatric Radiolgy. 2016;46(3):365-371. doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3478-6

Ali SZ, Baloch ZW, Cochand-Priollet B, Schmitt FC, Vielh P, VanderLaan PA. The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2023;33(9):1039-1044. doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0141

Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC. Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2002;87(9):4154-4159. doi:10.1210/jc.2001-011762

Brown RE, Harave S. Diagnostic imaging of benign and malignant neck masses in children-a pictorial review. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2016;6(5):591-604. doi:10.21037/qims.2016.10.10

de Vries L, Bulvik S, Phillip M. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents: at presentation and during long-term follow-up. Archieve of Disease in Childhood. 2009;94(1):33-37. doi:10.1136/adc.2007.134841

Sandy JL, Titmuss A, Hameed S, Cho YH, Sandler G, Benitez-Aguirre P. Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: Investigation and management. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2022;58(12):2163-2168. doi:10.1111/jpc.16257

Newman KD, Black T, Heller G, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis: a report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Annals of Surgery. 1998;227(4):533-541. doi:10.1097/00000658-199804000-00014

Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2001;86(12):5658-5671. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8070

Dralle H, Weber F, Lorenz K, Machens A. 30 Jahre prophylaktische Thyreoidektomie beim hereditären medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom : Ein Meilenstein translationaler Medizin [30 years of prophylactic thyroidectomy for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer : A milestone in translational medicine]. Chirurgie (Heidelb). 2024;95(8):638-650. doi:10.1007/s00104-024-02105-x

Chang EHE, Lutfi W, Feinglass J, Reiher AE, Moo-Young T, Bhayani MK. National Trends in the Surgical Treatment of Non-advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC): An Evaluation of Adherence with the 2009 American Thyroid Association Guidelines. World Journal of Surgery. 2016;40(12):2930-2940. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3643-6

Baumgarten HD, Bauer AJ, Isaza A, Mostoufi-Moab S, Kazahaya K, Adzick NS. Surgical management of pediatric thyroid disease: Complication rates after thyroidectomy at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia high-volume Pediatric Thyroid Center. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2019;54(10):1969-1975. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.009

Coutant R, Lugat A, Mirallié É, Oliver-Petit I, Stoupa A, Drui D. SFE-AFCE-SFMN 2022 Consensus on the management of thyroid nodules : Thyroid nodules in children. Annals of Endocrinolgy (Paris). 2022;83(6):431-434. doi:10.1016/j.ando.2022.10.007

Verburg FA, Luster M, Cupini C, et al. Implications of thyroglobulin antibody positivity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a clinical position statement. Thyroid. 2013;23(10):1211-1225. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0606

Rubino C, de Vathaire F, Dottorini ME, et al. Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer. 2003;89(9):1638-1644. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319

Sawka AM, Lakra DC, Lea J, et al. A systematic review examining the effects of therapeutic radioactive iodine on ovarian function and future pregnancy in female thyroid cancer survivors. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf). 2008;69(3):479-490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03222.x

Machens A, Dralle H. Biomarker-based risk stratification for previously untreated medullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2010;95(6):2655-2663. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2368