Yanık

Fisher MD, Norbury W. Pediatric Burns: From Acute Care Through Reconstruction in 2024. Clin Plast Surg. 2024;51(3):379-390. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2024.02.008

Stewart S, Juang D, Aguayo P. Pediatric burn review. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2022;31(5):151217. doi: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151217

Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018;36(2):441-458. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011

Patel KF, Rodríguez-Mercedes SL, Grant GG, et al. Physical, Psychological, and Social Outcomes in Pediatric Burn Survivors Ages 5 to 18 Years: A Systematic Review. J Burn Care Res. 2022;43(2):343-352. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irab225

Woolard A, Hill NTM, McQueen M, et al. The psychological impact of paediatric burn injuries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):2281. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12296-1

Vrouwe SQ, Gottlieb LJ. Pediatric Burns, Song DH, Hong JP (Eds). Plastic Surgery in. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. p.589-609.

Jackson D, Topley E, Cason JS, et al.: Primary excision and grafting of large burn . Ann Surg 1960; 152: pp. 167-189.

Lee RC, Teven CM. Burn, chemical and electrical injuries. Song DH, Hong JP (Eds). Plastic Surgery in. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. p.501-537.

Lee RC, Astumian RD: The physicochemical basis for thermal and non-thermal “burn” injury. Burns J 1996; 22: pp. 509-519.

Despa F, Orgill DP, Neuwalder J, Lee RC: The relative thermal stability of tissue macromolecules and cellular structure in burn injury . Burns 2005; 31: pp. 568-577.

Walker AR: Fatal tap water scald burns in the USA, 1979–1986 . Burns 1990; 16 (1): pp. 49-52.

Stratta RJ, Saffle JR, Kravitz M, et al.: Management of tar and asphalt injuries . Am J Surg 1983; 146: pp. 766-769.

Gibran N: Electrical Injuries . In Greenhalgh D (eds): Burn Care for General Surgeons and General Practitioners . 2016. Springer , New York pp. 193-200.

Lee RC, Parsons RW: Confusion in electrical trauma terminology . Plast Reconstr Surg 1992; 89: pp. 1020-1021.

Heimbach DM, Afromowitz MA, Engrav LH, et al.: Burn depth estimation--man or machine. J Trauma 1984; 24 (5): pp. 373-378.

Gill P, Falder S. Early managemnt of paediatric burn injuries. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2017;27(9):406-414

Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018;36(2):441-458. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011. r

Sharma RK, Parashar A. Special considerations in paediatric burn patients. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43:43-50. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70719

Lund C, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1944;79:352–358.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Al-Mousawi A.M., et. al.: Burn size and survival probability in paediatric patients in modern burn care: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2012;379:1013-1021.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Finnerty C.C., et. al.: Occurrence of multiorgan dysfunction in pediatric burn patients. Ann Surg 2014;259: 381-387.

Palmieri TL. Pediatric burn management. Problems in General Surgery in. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003. p 27-36.

Cope O, Moore FD.: The redistribution of body water and the fluid therapy of the burned patient. Ann Surg 1947;126: 1010-1045.

24.Carvajal HG.: Fluid resuscitation of pediatric burn victims: A critical appraisal. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8: 357-366.

Navickis R, Greenhalgh DG, Wilkes MM.: Albumin in burn shock resuscitation: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies. J Burn Care Res 2016;37: 268-278.

Ansermino JM, Vandebeek CA, Myers D. An allometric model to estimate fluid requirements in children following burn injury. Paediatr Anaesth 2010;20: 305-312.

Preston D, Ambardekar A. The Pediatric Burn: Current Trends and Future Directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2020;38(3): 517-530. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2020.05.003.

Huang M, Chen JF, Chen LY, et al. A comparison of two different fluid resuscita- tion management protocols for pediatric burn patients: a retrospective study. Burns 2018;44: 82–89.

Barrow RE, Jeschke MG, Herndon DN. Early fluid resuscitation improves out- comes in severely burned children. Resuscitation 2000;45: 91–96.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Branski L.K., et. al.: Optimized fluid management improves outcomes of pediatric burn patients. J Surg Res 2013;181: 121-128.

Rogers A.D., Karpelowsky J., Millar A.J.W., et. al.: Fluid creep in major pediatric burns. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2010;20: 133-138

Dries DJ, Waxman K.: Adequate resuscitation of burn patients may not be measured by urine output and vital signs. Crit Care Med 1991;19: 327-329.

Kulkarni S, Harrington DT, Heffernan D, et. al.: Tolerance of oliguria improves burn resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2013;34: 113.

Hsu G., Taylor J.A., Fiadjoe J.E., et. al.: Aminocaproic acid administration is associated with reduced perioperative blood loss and transfusion in pediatric craniofacial surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016;60: 158-165.

35.Nelson S., Conroy C., Logan D.: The biopsychosocial model of pain in the context of pediatric burn injuries. Eur J Pain 2019;23: 421-434.

Gamst-Jensen H., Vedel P.N., Lindberg-Larsen V.O., et. al.: Acute pain management in burn patients: appraisal and thematic analysis of four clinical guidelines. Burns 2014;40: 1463-1469.

37.Martin-Herz S.P., Patterson D.R., Honari S., et. al.: Pediatric pain control practices of North American burn centers. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003;24: 26-36.

Pardesi O., Fuzaylov G.: Pain management in pediatric burn patients: review of recent literature and future directions. J Burn Care Res 2017;38: 335-347.

39.Hoffman H.G., Chambers G.T., Meyer W.J., et. al.: Virtual reality as an adjunctive non-pharmacologic analgesic for acute burn pain during medical procedures. Ann Behav Med 2011;41: 183-191

40.Rodgers G.L., Mortensen J., Fisher M.C., et. al.: Predictors of infectious complications after burn injuries in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19: 990-995.

Vyles D, Sinha M, Rosenberg DI, et. al.: Predictors of serious bacterial infections in pediatric burn patients with fever. J Burn Care Res 2014;35: 291-295.

Enzi G, Casadei A, Sergi G, et al. Metabolic and hormonal effects of early nutritional supplementation after surgery in burn patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18: 719-721.

McDonald WS, Sharp CW, Deitch EA. Immediate enteral feeding in burn patients is safe and effective. Ann Surg 1991;213: 177-783

Jeschke M.G., Chinkes D.L., Finnerty C.C., et. al.: Pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. Ann Surg 2008;248: 387-401.

Khorasani E.N., Mansouri F.: Effect of early enteral nutrition on morbidity and mortality in children with burns. Burns 2010;36: 1067-1071.

Hildreth MA, Herndon DN, Desai MH, et al. Current treatment reduces calories required to maintain weight in pediatric patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1990;11: 405-409.

Hildreth MA, Herndon DN, Desai MH, Duke MA. Caloric requirements of patients with burns under 1 year of age. J Burn Care Rehabil 1993;14: 108-112.

Schwacha MG. Macrophages and post-burn immune dysfunction. Burns. 2003;29(1): 1-14.

Purdue G.F., Hunt J.L., Prescott P.R.: Child abuse by burning—an index of suspicion. J Trauma 1988;28: 221-224.

Ergun O., Celik A., Ergun G., et. al.: Prophylactic antibiotic use in pediatric burn units. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004;14: 422-426.

51.Church D., Elsayed S., Lindsay R., et. al.: Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;2: 403-434.

Winter GD.: Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature 1962;193: 293-294.

Hinman CD, Maibach H.: Effect of air exposure and occlusion on experimental human skin wounds. Nature 1963;200: 377-378.

Herndon D.N., Parks D.H.: Comparison of serial debridement and autografting and early massive excision with cadaver skin overlay in the treatment of large burns in children. J Trauma 1986;26: 149-152.

Pietsch JB, Netscher DT, Nagaraj HS, Groff DB. Early excision of major burns in children: Effect on morbidity and mortality. J Pediatr Surg 1985;20: 754-757.

56.Muller MJ, Herndon DN. The challenge of burns. Lancet 1994;343: 216-220.

57 Fatemeh Malekpour; J. Gregory Modrall. Compartment Syndrome and its Management. In Sidawy, AN (ed.), Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy,10th ed. Philadelphia: 2022 Elsevier; 2022. p. 1387-1397

Tsoutsos D, Rodopoulou S, Keramidas E, et. al.: Early escharotomy as a measure to reduce intraabdominal hypertension in full-thickness burns of the thoracic and abdominal area. World J Surg 2003;27: 1323-1328.

Jensen AR, Hughes WB, Grewal H: Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome in children with burns and trauma: a potentially lethal complication. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:

242-246.

Lei YH, Huang SH. Single-stage acellu- lar dermal matrix reconstruction of defects in the nose and ears with exposed cartilage: a prospective case series. BMC Surg. 2022 Dec 28;22(1):444 .

Kyla Petrie, Cameron T Cox, Benjamin C Becker, et al. Clinical applications of acellular dermal matrices: A review. Scars Burn Heal. 2022; 19:8:20595131211038313.

Küpeli AH Yara örtüleri. Şenel E (ed). Yanık içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.259-270.

Goverman J, Mathews K, Goldstein R, et al.: Pediatric contractures in burn injury: a burn model system national database study . J Burn Care Res 2017;38(1): 192-199.

Holavanahalli RK, Helm PA, Parry IS, et al.: Select practices in management and rehabilitation of burns: a survey report . J Burn Care Res 2011;32(2): 210-223.

Ault P, Plaza A, Paratz J: Scar massage for hypertrophic burns scarring-a systematic review . Burns 2018;44(1): 24-38.

Bell PL, Gabriel V: Evidence based review for the treatment of post-burn pruritus . J Burn Care Res 2009;30(1): 55-61.

Hekimoğlu Y, Taştekin B. Yanığın adli tıp yönü ve istismar. Şenel E (ed). Yanık içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.426-434.

Toon MH, Maybauer DM, Arceneaux LL, et al. Children with burn injuries-assessment of trauma, neglect, violence and abuse. Journal of injury and violence research. 2011;3(2):98. doi:10.5249/jivr.v3i2.91.

Daria S, Sugar NF, Feldman KW, et al. Into hot water head first: distribution of in- tentional and unintentional immersion burns. Pediatric emergency care. 2004;20(5):302-10. doi:10.1097/01. pec.0000125658.05196.b1.

Dressler DP, Hozid JL. Thermal injury and child abuse: the medical evidence dilemma. The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation. 2001;22(2):180-5. doi:10.1097/00004630- 200103000-00017.

Zaloga WF, Collins KA. Pediatric homicides related to burn injury: a retrospective review at the medical uni- versity of South Carolina. Journal of forensic sciences. 2006;51(2):396-9. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00066.x

Hayek SN, Wibbenmeyer LA, Kealey LDH, Williams IM, Oral R, Onwuameze O, et al. The efficacy of hair and urine toxicology screening on the detection of child abuse by burning. Journal of burn care & research. 2009;30(4):587- 92. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181abfd30.

Fisher MD, Norbury W. Pediatric Burns: From Acute Care Through Reconstruction in 2024. Clin Plast Surg. 2024;51(3):379-390. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2024.02.008

Stewart S, Juang D, Aguayo P. Pediatric burn review. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2022;31(5):151217. doi: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151217

Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018;36(2):441-458. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011

Patel KF, Rodríguez-Mercedes SL, Grant GG, et al. Physical, Psychological, and Social Outcomes in Pediatric Burn Survivors Ages 5 to 18 Years: A Systematic Review. J Burn Care Res. 2022;43(2):343-352. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irab225

Woolard A, Hill NTM, McQueen M, et al. The psychological impact of paediatric burn injuries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):2281. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12296-1

Vrouwe SQ, Gottlieb LJ. Pediatric Burns, Song DH, Hong JP (Eds). Plastic Surgery in. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. p.589-609.

Jackson D, Topley E, Cason JS, et al.: Primary excision and grafting of large burn . Ann Surg 1960; 152: pp. 167-189.

Lee RC, Teven CM. Burn, chemical and electrical injuries. Song DH, Hong JP (Eds). Plastic Surgery in. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. p.501-537.

Lee RC, Astumian RD: The physicochemical basis for thermal and non-thermal “burn” injury. Burns J 1996; 22: pp. 509-519.

Despa F, Orgill DP, Neuwalder J, Lee RC: The relative thermal stability of tissue macromolecules and cellular structure in burn injury . Burns 2005; 31: pp. 568-577.

Walker AR: Fatal tap water scald burns in the USA, 1979–1986 . Burns 1990; 16 (1): pp. 49-52.

Stratta RJ, Saffle JR, Kravitz M, et al.: Management of tar and asphalt injuries . Am J Surg 1983; 146: pp. 766-769.

Gibran N: Electrical Injuries . In Greenhalgh D (eds): Burn Care for General Surgeons and General Practitioners . 2016. Springer , New York pp. 193-200.

Lee RC, Parsons RW: Confusion in electrical trauma terminology . Plast Reconstr Surg 1992; 89: pp. 1020-1021.

Heimbach DM, Afromowitz MA, Engrav LH, et al.: Burn depth estimation--man or machine. J Trauma 1984; 24 (5): pp. 373-378.

Gill P, Falder S. Early managemnt of paediatric burn injuries. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2017;27(9):406-414

Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018;36(2):441-458. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011. r

Sharma RK, Parashar A. Special considerations in paediatric burn patients. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43:43-50. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70719

Lund C, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1944;79:352–358.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Al-Mousawi A.M., et. al.: Burn size and survival probability in paediatric patients in modern burn care: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2012;379:1013-1021.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Finnerty C.C., et. al.: Occurrence of multiorgan dysfunction in pediatric burn patients. Ann Surg 2014;259: 381-387.

Palmieri TL. Pediatric burn management. Problems in General Surgery in. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003. p 27-36.

Cope O, Moore FD.: The redistribution of body water and the fluid therapy of the burned patient. Ann Surg 1947;126: 1010-1045.

24.Carvajal HG.: Fluid resuscitation of pediatric burn victims: A critical appraisal. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8: 357-366.

Navickis R, Greenhalgh DG, Wilkes MM.: Albumin in burn shock resuscitation: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies. J Burn Care Res 2016;37: 268-278.

Ansermino JM, Vandebeek CA, Myers D. An allometric model to estimate fluid requirements in children following burn injury. Paediatr Anaesth 2010;20: 305-312.

Preston D, Ambardekar A. The Pediatric Burn: Current Trends and Future Directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2020;38(3): 517-530. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2020.05.003.

Huang M, Chen JF, Chen LY, et al. A comparison of two different fluid resuscita- tion management protocols for pediatric burn patients: a retrospective study. Burns 2018;44: 82–89.

Barrow RE, Jeschke MG, Herndon DN. Early fluid resuscitation improves out- comes in severely burned children. Resuscitation 2000;45: 91–96.

Kraft R., Herndon D.N., Branski L.K., et. al.: Optimized fluid management improves outcomes of pediatric burn patients. J Surg Res 2013;181: 121-128.

Rogers A.D., Karpelowsky J., Millar A.J.W., et. al.: Fluid creep in major pediatric burns. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2010;20: 133-138

Dries DJ, Waxman K.: Adequate resuscitation of burn patients may not be measured by urine output and vital signs. Crit Care Med 1991;19: 327-329.

Kulkarni S, Harrington DT, Heffernan D, et. al.: Tolerance of oliguria improves burn resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2013;34: 113.

Hsu G., Taylor J.A., Fiadjoe J.E., et. al.: Aminocaproic acid administration is associated with reduced perioperative blood loss and transfusion in pediatric craniofacial surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016;60: 158-165.

35.Nelson S., Conroy C., Logan D.: The biopsychosocial model of pain in the context of pediatric burn injuries. Eur J Pain 2019;23: 421-434.

Gamst-Jensen H., Vedel P.N., Lindberg-Larsen V.O., et. al.: Acute pain management in burn patients: appraisal and thematic analysis of four clinical guidelines. Burns 2014;40: 1463-1469.

37.Martin-Herz S.P., Patterson D.R., Honari S., et. al.: Pediatric pain control practices of North American burn centers. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003;24: 26-36.

Pardesi O., Fuzaylov G.: Pain management in pediatric burn patients: review of recent literature and future directions. J Burn Care Res 2017;38: 335-347.

39.Hoffman H.G., Chambers G.T., Meyer W.J., et. al.: Virtual reality as an adjunctive non-pharmacologic analgesic for acute burn pain during medical procedures. Ann Behav Med 2011;41: 183-191

40.Rodgers G.L., Mortensen J., Fisher M.C., et. al.: Predictors of infectious complications after burn injuries in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19: 990-995.

Vyles D, Sinha M, Rosenberg DI, et. al.: Predictors of serious bacterial infections in pediatric burn patients with fever. J Burn Care Res 2014;35: 291-295.

Enzi G, Casadei A, Sergi G, et al. Metabolic and hormonal effects of early nutritional supplementation after surgery in burn patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18: 719-721.

McDonald WS, Sharp CW, Deitch EA. Immediate enteral feeding in burn patients is safe and effective. Ann Surg 1991;213: 177-783

Jeschke M.G., Chinkes D.L., Finnerty C.C., et. al.: Pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. Ann Surg 2008;248: 387-401.

Khorasani E.N., Mansouri F.: Effect of early enteral nutrition on morbidity and mortality in children with burns. Burns 2010;36: 1067-1071.

Hildreth MA, Herndon DN, Desai MH, et al. Current treatment reduces calories required to maintain weight in pediatric patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1990;11: 405-409.

Hildreth MA, Herndon DN, Desai MH, Duke MA. Caloric requirements of patients with burns under 1 year of age. J Burn Care Rehabil 1993;14: 108-112.

Schwacha MG. Macrophages and post-burn immune dysfunction. Burns. 2003;29(1): 1-14.

Purdue G.F., Hunt J.L., Prescott P.R.: Child abuse by burning—an index of suspicion. J Trauma 1988;28: 221-224.

Ergun O., Celik A., Ergun G., et. al.: Prophylactic antibiotic use in pediatric burn units. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004;14: 422-426.

51.Church D., Elsayed S., Lindsay R., et. al.: Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;2: 403-434.

Winter GD.: Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature 1962;193: 293-294.

Hinman CD, Maibach H.: Effect of air exposure and occlusion on experimental human skin wounds. Nature 1963;200: 377-378.

Herndon D.N., Parks D.H.: Comparison of serial debridement and autografting and early massive excision with cadaver skin overlay in the treatment of large burns in children. J Trauma 1986;26: 149-152.

Pietsch JB, Netscher DT, Nagaraj HS, Groff DB. Early excision of major burns in children: Effect on morbidity and mortality. J Pediatr Surg 1985;20: 754-757.

56.Muller MJ, Herndon DN. The challenge of burns. Lancet 1994;343: 216-220.

57 Fatemeh Malekpour; J. Gregory Modrall. Compartment Syndrome and its Management. In Sidawy, AN (ed.), Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy,10th ed. Philadelphia: 2022 Elsevier; 2022. p. 1387-1397

Tsoutsos D, Rodopoulou S, Keramidas E, et. al.: Early escharotomy as a measure to reduce intraabdominal hypertension in full-thickness burns of the thoracic and abdominal area. World J Surg 2003;27: 1323-1328.

Jensen AR, Hughes WB, Grewal H: Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome in children with burns and trauma: a potentially lethal complication. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:

242-246.

Lei YH, Huang SH. Single-stage acellu- lar dermal matrix reconstruction of defects in the nose and ears with exposed cartilage: a prospective case series. BMC Surg. 2022 Dec 28;22(1):444 .

Kyla Petrie, Cameron T Cox, Benjamin C Becker, et al. Clinical applications of acellular dermal matrices: A review. Scars Burn Heal. 2022; 19:8:20595131211038313.

Küpeli AH Yara örtüleri. Şenel E (ed). Yanık içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.259-270.

Goverman J, Mathews K, Goldstein R, et al.: Pediatric contractures in burn injury: a burn model system national database study . J Burn Care Res 2017;38(1): 192-199.

Holavanahalli RK, Helm PA, Parry IS, et al.: Select practices in management and rehabilitation of burns: a survey report . J Burn Care Res 2011;32(2): 210-223.

Ault P, Plaza A, Paratz J: Scar massage for hypertrophic burns scarring-a systematic review . Burns 2018;44(1): 24-38.

Bell PL, Gabriel V: Evidence based review for the treatment of post-burn pruritus . J Burn Care Res 2009;30(1): 55-61.

Hekimoğlu Y, Taştekin B. Yanığın adli tıp yönü ve istismar. Şenel E (ed). Yanık içinde. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.426-434.

Toon MH, Maybauer DM, Arceneaux LL, et al. Children with burn injuries-assessment of trauma, neglect, violence and abuse. Journal of injury and violence research. 2011;3(2):98. doi:10.5249/jivr.v3i2.91.

Daria S, Sugar NF, Feldman KW, et al. Into hot water head first: distribution of in- tentional and unintentional immersion burns. Pediatric emergency care. 2004;20(5):302-10. doi:10.1097/01. pec.0000125658.05196.b1.

Dressler DP, Hozid JL. Thermal injury and child abuse: the medical evidence dilemma. The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation. 2001;22(2):180-5. doi:10.1097/00004630- 200103000-00017.

Zaloga WF, Collins KA. Pediatric homicides related to burn injury: a retrospective review at the medical uni- versity of South Carolina. Journal of forensic sciences. 2006;51(2):396-9. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00066.x

Hayek SN, Wibbenmeyer LA, Kealey LDH, Williams IM, Oral R, Onwuameze O, et al. The efficacy of hair and urine toxicology screening on the detection of child abuse by burning. Journal of burn care & research. 2009;30(4):587- 92. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181abfd30.