Gastroözofageal Reflü ve Özofagusun Diğer Hastalıkları

Levine JJ, Ilowite NT. Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children breast-fed by mothers with silicone breast implants. Jama. 1994;271(3):213-6.DOI:10.1001/jama.1994.03510270059040.

Bar-Sever Z. Scintigraphic Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Pulmonary Aspiration in Children. Semin Nucl Med. 2017;47(3):275-85.DOI:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.12.001.

Oude Nijhuis RAB, Zaninotto G, Roman Set al. European guidelines on achalasia: United European Gastroenterology and European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J. 2020;8(1):13-33.DOI:10.1177/2050640620903213.

Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox Met al. The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(2):160-74.DOI:10.1111/nmo.12477.

Tashiro J, Petrosyan M, Kane TD. Current management of pediatric achalasia. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:33.DOI:10.21037/tgh-20-215.

van Lennep M, van Wijk MP, Omari TIMet al. Clinical management of pediatric achalasia. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;12(4):391-404.DOI:10.1080/17474124.2018.1441023.

Jackman L, Arpe L, Thapar Net al. Nutritional Management of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Nutrients. 2024;16(17).DOI:10.3390/nu16172955.

Franklin AL, Petrosyan M, Kane TD. Childhood achalasia: A comprehensive review of disease, diagnosis and therapeutic management. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(4):105-11.DOI:10.4253/wjge.v6.i4.105.

Hurwitz M, Bahar RJ, Ament MEet al. Evaluation of the use of botulinum toxin in children with achalasia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(5):509-14.DOI:10.1097/00005176-200005000-00009.

Horgan S, Hudda K, Eubanks Tet al. Does botulinum toxin injection make esophagomyotomy a more difficult operation? Surg Endosc. 1999;13(6):576-9.DOI:10.1007/s004649901044.

Vane DW, Cosby K, West Ket al. Late results following esophagomyotomy in children with achalasia. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23(6):515-9.DOI:10.1016/s0022-3468(88)80359-2.

Gould JL, Rentea RM, St Peter SD. Contemporary Management of Achalasia by Pediatric Surgeons: A Survey of the International Pediatric Endosurgical Group. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2016;26(7):567-9.DOI:10.1089/lap.2016.0085.

Peng D, Tan Y, Li Cet al. Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Pediatric Achalasia: A Retrospective Analysis of 21 Cases With a Minimum Follow-Up of 5 Years. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:845103.DOI:10.3389/fped.2022.845103.

Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk Met al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(3):516-54.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001889.

Romano C, van Wynckel M, Hulst Jet al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Complications in Children With Neurological Impairment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(2):242-64.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001646.

Omari TI, Barnett C, Snel Aet al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants. J Pediatr. 1998;133(5):650-4.DOI:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70106-4.

Zaninotto G, DeMeester TR, Schwizer Wet al. The lower esophageal sphincter in health and disease. Am J Surg. 1988;155(1):104-11.DOI:10.1016/s0002-9610(88)80266-6.

Boix-Ochoa J WK, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O'Neill JA and Rowe MI. Gastroesophageal Reflux. Pediatric Surgery, Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. 1986:pp712-20.

Leung AK, Hon KL. Gastroesophageal reflux in children: an updated review. Drugs Context. 2019;8:212591.DOI:10.7573/dic.212591.

Singendonk M, Goudswaard E, Langendam Met al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68(6):811-7.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002280.

van Lennep M, Lansink F, Benninga MAet al. Age-dependent normal values for the 'Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised'. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183(1):445-52.DOI:10.1007/s00431-023-05281-w.

Kusakari M, Nakayama Y, Horiuchi Aet al. Trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japanese children and adolescents. Pediatr Int. 2020;62(11):1269-74.DOI:10.1111/ped.14324.

WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization

© World Health Organization 2019.; 2019.

Uraguchi K, Matsumoto N, Mitsuhashi Tet al. Association Between Dinner-to-Bed Time and Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Diseases in Children. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e77709.DOI:10.7759/cureus.77709.

Vandenplas Y, Orsi M, Benninga Met al. Infant gastroesophageal reflux disease management consensus. Acta Paediatr. 2024;113(3):403-10.DOI:10.1111/apa.17074.

Poddar U. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2019;39(1):7-12.DOI:10.1080/20469047.2018.1489649.

Czinn SJ, Blanchard S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in neonates and infants : when and how to treat. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(1):19-27.DOI:10.1007/s40272-012-0004-2.

Arnold G Coran AC, N Scott Adzick, Thomas M Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge. Pediatric Surgery-Elsevier Health Sciences 2012;7th Edition.

Bingham SM, Muniyappa P. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care: Evaluation and care update. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2020;50(5):100784.DOI:10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100784.

Simanovsky N, Buonomo C, Nurko S. The infant with chronic vomiting: the value of the upper GI series. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32(8):549-50; discussion 51.DOI:10.1007/s00247-002-0728-1.

Vandenplas Y, Salvatore S, Devreker Tet al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: oesophageal impedance versus pH monitoring. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(7):956-62.DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00306.x.

Tolia V, Bishop PR, Tsou VMet al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing 10, 20 and 40 mg pantoprazole in children (5-11 years) with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(4):384-91.DOI:10.1097/01.mpg.0000214160.37574.d3.

Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk Met al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition. 2018;49:51-6.DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.010.

Simon M, Levy EI, Vandenplas Y. Safety considerations when managing gastro-esophageal reflux disease in infants. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021;20(1):37-49.DOI:10.1080/14740338.2020.1843630.

Gonzalez Ayerbe JI, Hauser B, Salvatore Set al. Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Children: from Guidelines to Clinical Practice. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2019;22(2):107-21.DOI:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.107.

Shakeel FM, Crews J, Jensen Pet al. Decreasing Inappropriate Use of Antireflux Medications by Standardizing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Management in NICU. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2021;6(2):e394.DOI:10.1097/pq9.0000000000000394.

Anjewierden S, Han Z, Foster CBet al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inpatients: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(4):420-6.DOI:10.1017/ice.2019.23.

De Bruyne P, Ito S. Toxicity of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors in children. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(1):78-82.DOI:10.1136/archdischild-2017-314026.

Malchodi L, Wagner K, Susi Aet al. Early Acid Suppression Therapy Exposure and Fracture in Young Children. Pediatrics. 2019;144(1).DOI:10.1542/peds.2018-2625.

Noh Y, Jeong HE, Choi Aet al. Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Allergic Diseases in Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(3):267-77.DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5193.

Pasman EA, Ong B, Witmer CPet al. Proton Pump Inhibitors in Children: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(8):39.DOI:10.1007/s11882-020-00926-4.

Wang YH, Wintzell V, Ludvigsson JFet al. Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Fracture in Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(6):543-51.DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0007.

Tan J, Jeffries S, Carr R. A Review of Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist and Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Neonates and Infants. Paediatr Drugs. 2023;25(5):557-76.DOI:10.1007/s40272-023-00580-z.

Tighe MP, Afzal NA, Bevan Aet al. Current pharmacological management of gastro-esophageal reflux in children: an evidence-based systematic review. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(3):185-202.DOI:10.2165/00148581-200911030-00004.

Högberg N, Danielson J, Westblom Aet al. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is more cost-effective than open Nissen fundoplication in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2025;41(1):66.DOI:10.1007/s00383-025-05968-1.

Esposito C, Roberti A, Turrà Fet al. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pediatric patients: a literature review. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:1-8.DOI:10.2147/phmt.S46250.

Di Mitri M, Vastano M, Di Carmine Aet al. Surgical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Neurologically Impaired Children: Fundoplication vs. Total Esophagogastric Dissociation. J Clin Med. 2025;14(4).DOI:10.3390/jcm14041058.

Al-Refaie MA, Alsurmi MM, Obadiel YAet al. Fundoplication for Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(11):e72930.DOI:10.7759/cureus.72930.

Gad MA, Qinawy, M. M., Abdelazim, O., Kaddah, S. N., Elbarbary, M. M., & Elfiky, M. A. . Comparative study of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication versus Hill-Snow procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Annals of Pediatric Surgery. 2023;19(1).DOI:10.1186/s43159-022-00232-w.

Stellato RK, Colmer N, Tytgat SHAet al. Five-Year Outcome of Laparoscopic Fundoplication in Pediatric GERD Patients: a Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021;25(6):1412-8.DOI:10.1007/s11605-020-04713-4.

Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko Set al. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):85-90.DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.022.

Holcomb G K. Alimentarytractduplications. Ashcraft’s PediatricSurgery 6th ed,Philadelphia,PA:Elsevier;

. 2014; 6th ed.:p.539–47.

Castelijns PS, Woensdregt K, Hoevenaars Bet al. Intra-abdominal esophageal duplication cyst: A case report and review of the literature. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;6(6):112-6.DOI:10.4240/wjgs.v6.i6.112.

Kumar P, Sarin YK. Multiple Esophageal Duplication Cysts in a Toddler: A Rare Scenario. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2021;26(2):126-7.DOI:10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_67_20.

Trappey AF, 3rd, Hirose S. Esophageal duplication and congenital esophageal stenosis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26(2):78-86.DOI:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.02.003.

Anderson BT, Feinstein JA, Kramer REet al. Approach and Safety of Esophageal Dilation for Treatment of Strictures in Children With Epidermolysis Bullosa. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(6):701-5.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002106.

De Angelis P, Caldaro T, Torroni Fet al. Esophageal stenosis in epidermolysis bullosum: a challenge for the endoscopist. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(5):842-7.DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.017.

Medina AL, Troendle DM, Park JYet al. Eosinophilic esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal neoplasms in the pediatric patient: a narrative review. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:32.DOI:10.21037/tgh-20-223.

Theilen TM, Chou AJ, Klimstra DSet al. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Children and Adolescents: Report of 3 Cases and Comprehensive Literature Review. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep. 2016;5:23-9.DOI:10.1016/j.epsc.2015.12.008.

Vergouwe FW, Gottrand M, Wijnhoven BPet al. Four cancer cases after esophageal atresia repair: Time to start screening the upper gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(9):1056-62.DOI:10.3748/wjg.v24.i9.1056.

Zain M, Abdelmalak M, Waheeb Set al. Esophageal ganglioneuromatosis; a rare cause of intractable esophageal stenosis: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):456.DOI:10.1186/s12887-024-04923-8.

Malik F, Bernieh A, Saad AG. Esophageal Granular Cell Tumor in Children: A Clinicopathologic Study of 11 Cases and Review of the Literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 2023;160(1):106-12.DOI:10.1093/ajcp/aqad025.

Levine JJ, Ilowite NT. Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children breast-fed by mothers with silicone breast implants. Jama. 1994;271(3):213-6.DOI:10.1001/jama.1994.03510270059040.

Bar-Sever Z. Scintigraphic Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Pulmonary Aspiration in Children. Semin Nucl Med. 2017;47(3):275-85.DOI:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.12.001.

Oude Nijhuis RAB, Zaninotto G, Roman Set al. European guidelines on achalasia: United European Gastroenterology and European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J. 2020;8(1):13-33.DOI:10.1177/2050640620903213.

Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox Met al. The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(2):160-74.DOI:10.1111/nmo.12477.

Tashiro J, Petrosyan M, Kane TD. Current management of pediatric achalasia. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:33.DOI:10.21037/tgh-20-215.

van Lennep M, van Wijk MP, Omari TIMet al. Clinical management of pediatric achalasia. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;12(4):391-404.DOI:10.1080/17474124.2018.1441023.

Jackman L, Arpe L, Thapar Net al. Nutritional Management of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Nutrients. 2024;16(17).DOI:10.3390/nu16172955.

Franklin AL, Petrosyan M, Kane TD. Childhood achalasia: A comprehensive review of disease, diagnosis and therapeutic management. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(4):105-11.DOI:10.4253/wjge.v6.i4.105.

Hurwitz M, Bahar RJ, Ament MEet al. Evaluation of the use of botulinum toxin in children with achalasia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(5):509-14.DOI:10.1097/00005176-200005000-00009.

Horgan S, Hudda K, Eubanks Tet al. Does botulinum toxin injection make esophagomyotomy a more difficult operation? Surg Endosc. 1999;13(6):576-9.DOI:10.1007/s004649901044.

Vane DW, Cosby K, West Ket al. Late results following esophagomyotomy in children with achalasia. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23(6):515-9.DOI:10.1016/s0022-3468(88)80359-2.

Gould JL, Rentea RM, St Peter SD. Contemporary Management of Achalasia by Pediatric Surgeons: A Survey of the International Pediatric Endosurgical Group. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2016;26(7):567-9.DOI:10.1089/lap.2016.0085.

Peng D, Tan Y, Li Cet al. Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Pediatric Achalasia: A Retrospective Analysis of 21 Cases With a Minimum Follow-Up of 5 Years. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:845103.DOI:10.3389/fped.2022.845103.

Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk Met al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(3):516-54.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001889.

Romano C, van Wynckel M, Hulst Jet al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Complications in Children With Neurological Impairment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(2):242-64.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001646.

Omari TI, Barnett C, Snel Aet al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants. J Pediatr. 1998;133(5):650-4.DOI:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70106-4.

Zaninotto G, DeMeester TR, Schwizer Wet al. The lower esophageal sphincter in health and disease. Am J Surg. 1988;155(1):104-11.DOI:10.1016/s0002-9610(88)80266-6.

Boix-Ochoa J WK, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O'Neill JA and Rowe MI. Gastroesophageal Reflux. Pediatric Surgery, Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. 1986:pp712-20.

Leung AK, Hon KL. Gastroesophageal reflux in children: an updated review. Drugs Context. 2019;8:212591.DOI:10.7573/dic.212591.

Singendonk M, Goudswaard E, Langendam Met al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68(6):811-7.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002280.

van Lennep M, Lansink F, Benninga MAet al. Age-dependent normal values for the 'Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised'. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183(1):445-52.DOI:10.1007/s00431-023-05281-w.

Kusakari M, Nakayama Y, Horiuchi Aet al. Trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japanese children and adolescents. Pediatr Int. 2020;62(11):1269-74.DOI:10.1111/ped.14324.

WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization

© World Health Organization 2019.; 2019.

Uraguchi K, Matsumoto N, Mitsuhashi Tet al. Association Between Dinner-to-Bed Time and Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Diseases in Children. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e77709.DOI:10.7759/cureus.77709.

Vandenplas Y, Orsi M, Benninga Met al. Infant gastroesophageal reflux disease management consensus. Acta Paediatr. 2024;113(3):403-10.DOI:10.1111/apa.17074.

Poddar U. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2019;39(1):7-12.DOI:10.1080/20469047.2018.1489649.

Czinn SJ, Blanchard S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in neonates and infants : when and how to treat. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(1):19-27.DOI:10.1007/s40272-012-0004-2.

Arnold G Coran AC, N Scott Adzick, Thomas M Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge. Pediatric Surgery-Elsevier Health Sciences 2012;7th Edition.

Bingham SM, Muniyappa P. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care: Evaluation and care update. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2020;50(5):100784.DOI:10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100784.

Simanovsky N, Buonomo C, Nurko S. The infant with chronic vomiting: the value of the upper GI series. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32(8):549-50; discussion 51.DOI:10.1007/s00247-002-0728-1.

Vandenplas Y, Salvatore S, Devreker Tet al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: oesophageal impedance versus pH monitoring. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(7):956-62.DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00306.x.

Tolia V, Bishop PR, Tsou VMet al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing 10, 20 and 40 mg pantoprazole in children (5-11 years) with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(4):384-91.DOI:10.1097/01.mpg.0000214160.37574.d3.

Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk Met al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition. 2018;49:51-6.DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.010.

Simon M, Levy EI, Vandenplas Y. Safety considerations when managing gastro-esophageal reflux disease in infants. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021;20(1):37-49.DOI:10.1080/14740338.2020.1843630.

Gonzalez Ayerbe JI, Hauser B, Salvatore Set al. Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Children: from Guidelines to Clinical Practice. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2019;22(2):107-21.DOI:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.107.

Shakeel FM, Crews J, Jensen Pet al. Decreasing Inappropriate Use of Antireflux Medications by Standardizing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Management in NICU. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2021;6(2):e394.DOI:10.1097/pq9.0000000000000394.

Anjewierden S, Han Z, Foster CBet al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inpatients: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(4):420-6.DOI:10.1017/ice.2019.23.

De Bruyne P, Ito S. Toxicity of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors in children. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(1):78-82.DOI:10.1136/archdischild-2017-314026.

Malchodi L, Wagner K, Susi Aet al. Early Acid Suppression Therapy Exposure and Fracture in Young Children. Pediatrics. 2019;144(1).DOI:10.1542/peds.2018-2625.

Noh Y, Jeong HE, Choi Aet al. Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Allergic Diseases in Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(3):267-77.DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5193.

Pasman EA, Ong B, Witmer CPet al. Proton Pump Inhibitors in Children: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(8):39.DOI:10.1007/s11882-020-00926-4.

Wang YH, Wintzell V, Ludvigsson JFet al. Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Fracture in Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(6):543-51.DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0007.

Tan J, Jeffries S, Carr R. A Review of Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist and Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Neonates and Infants. Paediatr Drugs. 2023;25(5):557-76.DOI:10.1007/s40272-023-00580-z.

Tighe MP, Afzal NA, Bevan Aet al. Current pharmacological management of gastro-esophageal reflux in children: an evidence-based systematic review. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(3):185-202.DOI:10.2165/00148581-200911030-00004.

Högberg N, Danielson J, Westblom Aet al. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is more cost-effective than open Nissen fundoplication in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2025;41(1):66.DOI:10.1007/s00383-025-05968-1.

Esposito C, Roberti A, Turrà Fet al. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pediatric patients: a literature review. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:1-8.DOI:10.2147/phmt.S46250.

Di Mitri M, Vastano M, Di Carmine Aet al. Surgical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Neurologically Impaired Children: Fundoplication vs. Total Esophagogastric Dissociation. J Clin Med. 2025;14(4).DOI:10.3390/jcm14041058.

Al-Refaie MA, Alsurmi MM, Obadiel YAet al. Fundoplication for Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(11):e72930.DOI:10.7759/cureus.72930.

Gad MA, Qinawy, M. M., Abdelazim, O., Kaddah, S. N., Elbarbary, M. M., & Elfiky, M. A. . Comparative study of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication versus Hill-Snow procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Annals of Pediatric Surgery. 2023;19(1).DOI:10.1186/s43159-022-00232-w.

Stellato RK, Colmer N, Tytgat SHAet al. Five-Year Outcome of Laparoscopic Fundoplication in Pediatric GERD Patients: a Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021;25(6):1412-8.DOI:10.1007/s11605-020-04713-4.

Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko Set al. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):85-90.DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.022.

Holcomb G K. Alimentarytractduplications. Ashcraft’s PediatricSurgery 6th ed,Philadelphia,PA:Elsevier;

. 2014; 6th ed.:p.539–47.

Castelijns PS, Woensdregt K, Hoevenaars Bet al. Intra-abdominal esophageal duplication cyst: A case report and review of the literature. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;6(6):112-6.DOI:10.4240/wjgs.v6.i6.112.

Kumar P, Sarin YK. Multiple Esophageal Duplication Cysts in a Toddler: A Rare Scenario. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2021;26(2):126-7.DOI:10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_67_20.

Trappey AF, 3rd, Hirose S. Esophageal duplication and congenital esophageal stenosis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26(2):78-86.DOI:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.02.003.

Anderson BT, Feinstein JA, Kramer REet al. Approach and Safety of Esophageal Dilation for Treatment of Strictures in Children With Epidermolysis Bullosa. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(6):701-5.DOI:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002106.

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