Kentsel Krizlere Çözüm Olarak Mekânsal Dönüşüm: Mekânsal Planlama Kuramları
Özet
Kentsel mekânlar tarih boyunca değişim ve dönüşüm içindedir. Bu değişim, mekânsal planlama kuramlarının gelişimiyle ilişkili olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Dünyada yaşanan ekonomik, sosyal ve politik krizleri içinde barındıran kentsel krizler; planlama kuramlarının ortaya çıkmasında itici güç olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu krizler doğrultusunda özellikle Amerika ve İngiltere’de geliştirilen bu kuramlar, planlama literatüründe yer edinmiş ve kent mekânlarının dönüşümünde rol oynamıştır. Geliştirilen planlama kuramları, bulunduğu politik ve ekonomik ortama göre ülkeden ülkeye farklılaşan kentsel müdahale biçimleri (dönüşüm ve yenileme gibi) ile karşılık bulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sanayi devriminden sonraki süreçten başlayarak günümüze kadar olan tarihsel dönemde geliştirilen planlama kuramlarının kent mekânları üzerindeki etkisini, kentsel müdahale türleri üzerinden ortaya koymaktır. Literatür değerlendirmesi ile planlama kuramları ve kentsel müdahale arasındaki ilişkiyi kavramsal çerçevede ele alan bu çalışma, Türkiye özelinde konuya ilişkin genel bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, planlama kuramları ile kentsel müdahale biçimleri arasında sıkı bir ilişkinin olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle çıktığı dönemde bulunduğu bölgedeki krizleri çözmek için geliştirilen planlama kuramlarının, günümüzde kentsel müdahale biçimleri aracılığıyla planlama pratiği üzerinde etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, ekonomik, sosyal ve politik kırılma noktaları hem planlama kuramlarında paradigma değişiklikleri yaşanmasına neden olmuş hem de kentlerdeki planlama pratiğini şekillendirmiştir.
Referanslar
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Deckker, T. (2000). The Modernist City Revisited, Spon Press, Londra.
Dinçer, İ. (2019). Kent Ölçeğinde Koruma ve Yenileme Kavramları, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Şehir Yenileme ve Koruma Dersi Ders Notu.
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Kuyucu, T. (2014). Law, Property and Ambiguity: The Uses and Abuses of Legal Ambiguity in Remaking I stanbul's Informal Settlements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(2), 609-627.
Lefebvre, H. (2003 [1970]). The Urban Revolution. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
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Lucy, W. H. (1988). APA's ethical principles include simplistic planning theories. Journal of the American Planning Association, 54(2), 147-149.
Martí-Costa, M. ve Tomàs, M. (2017). Urban governance in Spain: From democratic transition to austerity policies. Urban Studies, 54(9), 2107–2122.
Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C. ve Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart cities, 4(1), 93-111.
Oliveira, V. ve Pinho, P. (2010), Evaluation in Urban Planning: Advances and Prospects, Journal of Planning Literature 24 (4), 343 –361.
Özdemir, E. (2021). Rationality revisited: Politicisation through planning rationality against the rationality of power. Planning Theory, 20(4), 350-371.
Özdemir, E. (2023). Kent Plancısının Politik Rolü: Türkiye Deneyiminden Çıkarımlar. Planlama, 33(2), 288-301.
Özdemir, E. ve Eraydin, A. (2017). Fragmentation in urban movements: The role of urban planning processes. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(5), 727-748.
Penpecioğlu, M. (2013). Urban development projects and the construction of neo-liberal urban hegemony: The case of Izmir. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 30(1), 165-189.
Penpecioğlu, M. ve Bayırbağ, M. K. (2024). Diverse geographies of urban crisis: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India and Türkiye. Megaron, 19(2), 219-230.
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Referanslar
Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(5), 743-758.
Albrechts, L. (2010). More of the same is not enough! How could strategic spatial planning be instrumental in dealing with the challenges ahead?. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 37(6), 1115-1127.
Ataöv, A. ve Osmay, S. (2007). Türkiye’de kentsel dönüşüme yöntemsel bir yaklaşım. METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 24(2), 57-82.
Bayırbağ, M. K. ve Penpecioğlu, M. (2017). Urban crisis:‘Limits to governance of alienation’. Urban Studies, 54(9), 2056-2071.
Bettleheim, C. (1967). Studies in the Theory of Planning, Asia Publishing House, Bombay.
Brenner, N. (Ed.) (2014). Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization. Berlin: Jovis.
Bryson, J. M. ve Roering, W. D. (2018). Applying private-sector strategic planning in the public sector. In Classic Readings in Urban Planning, 202-219, Routledge.
Castells, M. (1977). The City and the Grassroots, Arnold, Londra.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning, A.I.P. Journal, 31 (4), 331-338.
Dear, M. ve Scott, A.J. (1961). Urbanisation and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society, Methuen, Londra.
Dear, M. (2000). The Postmodern Urban Conditions, Blackwell, Oxford.
Deckker, T. (2000). The Modernist City Revisited, Spon Press, Londra.
Dinçer, İ. (2019). Kent Ölçeğinde Koruma ve Yenileme Kavramları, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Şehir Yenileme ve Koruma Dersi Ders Notu.
Ellis, C. (2002). The New Urbanism: critiques and rebuttals. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3), 261–291.
Engels, F. (2005). The condition of the working class in England. In The sociology and politics of health (pp. 22-27). Routledge.
Eraydın, A. (2020). Planlamanın krizini aşmak: Planlama kuramları ve planlamanın kurumsallaşmasına yönelik öneriler. Türkiye Kentleri ve Bölgeleri, 1.
Eraydın, A. ve Taşan‐Kok, T. (2014). State response to contemporary urban movements in Turkey: A critical overview of state entrepreneurialism and authoritarian interventions. Antipode, 46(1), 110-129.
Erol, A. M. ve Görmez, K. (2020). Teoride ve pratikte yeni şehircilik akımı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 271-310.
Ersoy, M. (2007). Planlama kuramına giriş. Kentsel planlama kuramları içinde, 9-34.
Etzioni, A. (1967). Mixed-scanning: A "third" approach to decision making. Public Administration Review, 27(5) 385-392,
Ferreira, A., Sykes, O. ve Batey, P. (2009). Planning Theory or Planning Theories? The Hydra Model and itsImplications for Planning Education, Journal for Education in the Built Environment 4(2), 29-54.
Fischer, F. ve Forester, J. (Eds.). (1993). The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. Duke University Press.
Fishman, R. (1996). Urban Utopias: Ebenezer Howard and Le Corbusier. Readings in planning theory, 19-67.
Forester, J. (1989). Rationality, dialogue and learning: What community and environmental mediators can teach us about the practice of civil society. Cities for citizens: Planning and the rise of civil society in a global age, 213-26.
Forester, J. (1999). The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. The MIT Press.
Friedmann, J., Nisbet, R. ve Gans, H. J. (1973). The public interest and community participation: Toward a reconstruction of public philosophy. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 39(1), 2-12.
Gedikli, B. (2003). Evaluation of the strategic planning process in the Turkish spatial planning context, AESOP-ACSP, Leuven, Belçika.
Gedikli, B. (2012). Stratejik Mekânsal Planlama: Planlamada Yeni Anlayışlar, Yöntemler ve Teknikler, Kentsel Planlama Kuramları, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
Gedikli, B. ve Balaban, O. (2018). An evaluation of local policies and actions that address climate change in Turkish metropolitan cities. European Planning Studies, 26(3), 458-479.
Geniş, Ş. (2020). Giriş: Neoliberalism ve otoriter kentleşme [Introduction: Neoliberalism and authoritarian urbanisation].
Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural hazards review, 4(3), 136-143.
Göksu, F. (2003) Kentsel Dönüşüm Projelerine Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar, Kentsel Dönüşüm Sempozyumu, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul; 270-279.
Gurran, N. ve Phibbs, P. (2013). Housing supply and urban planning reform: The recent Australian experience, 2003–2012. International journal of housing policy, 13(4), 381-407.
Güllüpınar, F. (2012). Kent Sosyolojisi Kuramları Üzerine Bir Literatür Değerlendirmesi”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 21(3), 1-29
Hall, P. (1996) Cities of tomorrow. Oxford: Blackwell (Updated edition. First published 1988).
Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City, Arnold, Londra.
Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town planning review, 143-162.
Healey, P. (1997). Traditions of planning thought. Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies, 7-30.
Holston, J. (1989). The modernist city: An anthropological critique of Brasília. University of Chicago Press.
Howard, E. (1985). Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Attic Books (First published in 1898 as 'Tomorrow: Aktaran: Steno, N. (2000), Normativity In Urban Planning www.a-aarhus.dk/welfarecity
Hudson, B. M., Galloway, T. D. ve Kaufman, J. L. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions. Journal of the American planning association, 45(4), 387-398.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). World Migration Report 2022.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York.
Kaplan, M. (1973). Urban Planning in the 1960's, Praeger, New York.
Keleş, R. (2004). Kentleşme Politikası, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kuyucu, T. (2014). Law, Property and Ambiguity: The Uses and Abuses of Legal Ambiguity in Remaking I stanbul's Informal Settlements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(2), 609-627.
Lefebvre, H. (2003 [1970]). The Urban Revolution. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
Lindblom, C. (2018). The science of "muddling through". In Classic readings in urban planning (pp. 31-40). Routledge.
Lucy, W. H. (1988). APA's ethical principles include simplistic planning theories. Journal of the American Planning Association, 54(2), 147-149.
Martí-Costa, M. ve Tomàs, M. (2017). Urban governance in Spain: From democratic transition to austerity policies. Urban Studies, 54(9), 2107–2122.
Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C. ve Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart cities, 4(1), 93-111.
Oliveira, V. ve Pinho, P. (2010), Evaluation in Urban Planning: Advances and Prospects, Journal of Planning Literature 24 (4), 343 –361.
Özdemir, E. (2021). Rationality revisited: Politicisation through planning rationality against the rationality of power. Planning Theory, 20(4), 350-371.
Özdemir, E. (2023). Kent Plancısının Politik Rolü: Türkiye Deneyiminden Çıkarımlar. Planlama, 33(2), 288-301.
Özdemir, E. ve Eraydin, A. (2017). Fragmentation in urban movements: The role of urban planning processes. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(5), 727-748.
Penpecioğlu, M. (2013). Urban development projects and the construction of neo-liberal urban hegemony: The case of Izmir. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 30(1), 165-189.
Penpecioğlu, M. ve Bayırbağ, M. K. (2024). Diverse geographies of urban crisis: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India and Türkiye. Megaron, 19(2), 219-230.
Penpecioğlu, M. ve Taşan-Kok, T. (2016). Alienated and politicized? Young planners’ confrontation with entrepreneurial and authoritarian state intervention in urban development in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 24(6), 1037–1055.
Peterson, J. A. (2018). The city beautiful movement. In Introduction to planning history in the United States (pp. 40-57). Routledge.
Peterson, J. A. (1979). The impact of sanitary reform upon American urban planning, Journal of Social History, 13(1), 83-103.
Poticha, S. (1999). Foreword. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 105-108). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
Sassen, S. (2014). Expulsions: Brutality and complexity in the global economy. Harvard University Press.
Scott, J. (1998). Seeing Like a State, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Seto, K. C. Y. ve Reenberg, A. (Eds.). (2014). Rethinking global land use in an urban era (Vol. 14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Susskind, L. ve Cruikshank, J. (1987). Breaking the impasse. New york.
Steinø, N. (2001). Normativity in urban design. Aarhus School of Architecture: Working paper.
Şengül, H. T. (2002). Planlama Paradigmanlarının Dönüşümü üzerine Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme. Planlama Dergisi, (2.-3)
Şenyapılı, T. (1998) Cumhuriyet’in 75. yılı Gecekondunun 50. yılı, 75 yılda Değişen Kent ve Mimarlık, Tarih Vakfı, İstanbul.
Talen, E. (2002). The social goals of New Urbanism, Housing Policy Debate, 13(1), 165-188.
Tanyeli, U. (2017). Yıkarak yapmak, anarşist bir mimarlık kuramı için altlık, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Taylor, N. (1998). Town Planning as Physical Planning and Design, in Urban planning theory since 1945. Sage, 3-19.
T.C. Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı. (2009). Kentleşme Şurası, Mekânsal Planlama Sistemi ve Kurumsal Yapılanma, Retrieved from: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/kentges/editordosya/kitap1(1).pdf
Tekeli, İ. (2003). Kentleri Dönüşümü Mekan Olarak Düşünmek, Kentsel Dönüşüm Sempozyumu, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Todes, A. (2012). New Directions in Spatial Planning? Linking Strategic Spatial Planning and InfrastructureDevelopment, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1–15.
Tunnard, C. (1950). A city called beautiful. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 9(1/2), 31-36.
UN (2016). HABITAT III New Urban Agenda. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Quito.
UN (2018). Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-worldurbanization-prospects.html (09.07.2019).
Uzun, C.N. (2001) Gentrification in İstanbul: A diognistic study, Nederlandse Geogrfische Studies 285, Utrecht.
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