Meme Kanserinde Beslenme ve Yaşam Tarzı Değişiklikleri
Özet
Meme kanseri, kadınlarda en sık görülen malignitelerden biri olup, hastalığın önlenmesi ve prognozunun iyileştirilmesinde yaşam tarzı faktörleri belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Düzenli fiziksel aktivite, meme kanseri riskini %20–40 oranında azaltmakta; egzersiz, östrojen düzeylerini düşürerek özellikle hormon duyarlı tümörlerde sağkalımı iyileştirebilmektedir. Obezite, inflamasyon ve artmış östrojen üretimi yoluyla kötü prognozla ilişkilidir. Adipokinler (adiponektin ve leptin), tümör mikroçevresinde proliferasyon ve anjiyogenezi düzenleyen temel biyomoleküllerdir. Diyabet, insülin direnci ve metabolik sendrom, hiperinsülinemi ve IGF-1 aracılı sinyal yolları üzerinden kanser riskini artırmaktadır. Ayrıca bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki bozulmalar östrojen metabolizmasını ve inflamasyonu etkileyerek meme kanseri gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir. Beslenmede liften zengin, sebze ve meyve ağırlıklı diyetler koruyucu etki gösterirken; alkol tüketimi, yüksek yağ alımı ve sigara risk faktörleridir. D vitamini eksikliğinin kanser gelişiminde rolü olabileceği düşünülmekte, ancak vitamin takviyelerinin koruyucu etkisi henüz net değildir. Uyku bozuklukları, depresyon ve sirkadiyen ritim bozuklukları da hastalığın prognozunu olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, düzenli egzersiz, sağlıklı beslenme, ideal kilo kontrolü, sigara ve alkolden uzak durma gibi yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri meme kanseri riskinin azaltılması ve tedavi sürecinin desteklenmesinde temel unsurlardır.
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