Gelişimsel Bozukluklar
Özet
Bu bölüm, nörogelişimsel kökenli gelişimsel bozukluklara sistematik bir giriş sunmaktadır. Öncelikle bozuklukların ortak özellikleri, DSM-5’teki konumları ve tanı–sınıflama ilkeleri ele alınmıştır. Ardından dört başat bozukluk ayrıntılandırılmıştır: Entelektüel Gelişimsel Bozukluk, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu, Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Özgül Öğrenme Bozukluğu. Her bozukluk için tanım ve tanısal ölçütler, yaygınlık ve epidemiyolojik veriler, olası nedenler ve risk etmenleri ile müdahale ve destek süreçleri sistematik biçimde sunulmuştur. Yaygınlık ve epidemiyoloji bölümünde, oranların çalışmalara, yöntemlere ve demografik etmenlere göre değişebildiği; eş tanı olasılıklarının değerlendirmeyi güçleştirdiği vurgulanmıştır. Etiyoloji ve risk etmenleri çok etmenli bir çerçevede ele alınmış olup genetik yatkınlıklar ve nörobiyolojik farklılıklar ile prenatal, perinatal ve postnatal çevresel koşulların etkileşimi ele alınmıştır. Müdahale ve destek süreçlerinde erken, bireyselleştirilmiş ve çok disiplinli yaklaşımların önemi; eğitimsel düzenlemeler, konuşma-dil ve ergo/fizyoterapi gibi rehabilitatif hizmetler ile aile katılımı ve okul iş birliğinin yeri tartışılmıştır. Bu bölüm, gelişimsel bozukluklara ilişkin güncel kuramsal ve uygulamalı bilgileri bir araya getirerek, alana dair kapsamlı bir anlayış ve güçlü bir kavramsal temel kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir.
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