Gelişimle İlgili Temel Kavramlar Gelişim Kavramı ve Kapsamı
Özet
Gelişim, bireyin doğum öncesinden başlayarak yaşam boyu süren biyolojik, bilişsel ve duygusal-sosyal değişimlerinin tümünü ifade eder. Bu bölümde, gelişim olgusunun çok boyutlu doğasını anlamaya yönelik olarak büyüme, olgunlaşma, öğrenme, hazır bulunuşluk, kritik dönem ve duyarlı dönem gibi temel kavramlar ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmaktadır. Gelişim süreci, fiziksel, bilişsel ve duygusal-sosyal olmak üzere üç temel alan çerçevesinde incelenmekte ve bu alanların sürekli bir etkileşim içinde olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca, gelişim psikolojisinin temel tartışmaları arasında yer alan kalıtıma karşı çevre, sürekliliğe karşı süreksizlik ve değişime karşı durağanlık gibi konular, kuramsal yaklaşımlar ve ampirik araştırmalar ışığında değerlendirilmektedir. Son olarak, bireyin yaşamı boyunca geçirdiği gelişimsel değişimleri açıklayan, bilimsel temellere dayalı temel ilkeler kuramsal bir çerçevede sunulmaktadır.
Referanslar
Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), 932-937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.
Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 611-626. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611
Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52(4), 366-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.4.366
Baltes, P. ve Baltes, M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. İçinde P. Baltes ve M. Baltes (Ed.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (ss. 1-34). Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511665684
Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U. ve Staudinger, U. M. (1998). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. İçinde W. Damon ve R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (ss. 1029-1143). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Berk, L. E. (1998). Development through the lifespan. Allyn & Bacon.
Berk, L. E. (2022). Exploring lifespan development. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bjorklund, D. F. (2022). Children′ s thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bornstein, M. H. (1989). Sensitive periods in development: Structural characteristics and causal interpretations. Psychological Bulletin, 105(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.179
Bornstein, M. H., Leventhal, T. ve Lerner, R. M. (2015). Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Ecological settings and processes. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bouchard, T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Random House.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education. Elsevier.
Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. İçinde R. M. Lerner ve W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (ss. 793–828). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bruner, J. S. (1974). Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard University Press.
Buss, A. H. ve Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W. ve Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 453-484. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913
Cicchetti, D. ve Tucker, D. (1994). Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology, 6(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004673
Cole, M., John-Steiner, V., Scribner, S., ve Souberman, E. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. L. S. Vygotsky. Harvard University Press.
Egger, G., Liang, G., Aparicio, A., ve Jones, P. A. (2004). Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature, 429, 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02625
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. Norton.
Flavell, J. H. (1963). The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. D Van Nostrand. https://doi.org/10.1037/11449-000
Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. International Universities Press.
Gagne, R. M. (1970). The conditions of learning. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gesell, A. (1928). Infancy and human growth. MacMillan Co. https://doi.org/10.1037/14664-000
Gottlieb, G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00556.x
Greenfield, P. M. (2016). Social change, cultural evolution, and human development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.012
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W. ve Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380(9838), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
Havighurst, R. J. (1948). Developmental tasks and education. The University of Chicago Press.
Havighurst, R. J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education. David McKay.
Kail, R. V. ve Cavanaugh, J. C. (2022). Human development: A life-span view. Cengage Learning.
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (1994). Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 29(1), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682829409041485
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). The biological foundations of language. Hospital Practice, 2(12), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1967.11707799
Lerner, R. M. (2006). Developmental science, developmental systems, and contemporary theories of human development. İçinde R. M. Lerner ve W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (ss. 1–17). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lerner, R. M. (2018). Concepts and theories of human development. Routledge.
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V. ve Buckingham, M. H. (2023). The development of the developmental science of adolescence: Then, now, next—and necessary. İçinde L. J. Crockett, G. Carlo ve J. E. Schulenberg (Ed.), APA handbook of adolescent and young adult development (ss. 723–741). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000298-044
Lorenz, K. (1935). Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels. Der Artgenosse als auslösendes Moment sozialer Verhaltungsweisen. [The companion in the bird’s world. The fellow-member of the species as releasing factor of social behavior.]. Journal für Ornithologie. Beiblatt. (Leipzig), 83, 137-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01905355
Masten, A. S. ve Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 491-495. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000222
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G. ve Meaney, M. J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12(3), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270
Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interactions. Child Development, 81(1), 41-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x
Meaney, M. J., ve Szyf, M. (2005). Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.2/mmeaney
Moore, D. S. (2015). The developing genome: An introduction to behavioral epigenetics. Oxford University Press.
National Research Council. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school: Expanded edition. National Academies Press.
Newport, E. L. (1990). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 11-28.
Overton, W. F. (2010). Life-span development: Concepts and issues. İçinde W. F. Overton ve R. M. Lerner (Ed.), The handbook of life-span development, Vol. 1. Cognition, biology, and methods (ss. 1–29). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001001
Overton, W. F. (2014). Relational developmental systems and developmental science: A focus on methodology. İçinde P. C. M. Molenaar, R. M. Lerner ve K. M. Newell (Ed.), Handbook of developmental systems theory and methodology (ss. 19–65). The Guilford Press.
Overton, W. F., Molenaar, P. C. M. ve Lerner, R. M. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Theory and method. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W. ve Bolles, E. B. (1987). A child’s world: Infancy through adolescence. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W. ve Feldman, R. D. (2007). Human development. McGraw-Hill.
Pascual-Leone, A., Amedi, A., Fregni, F. ve Merabet, L. B. (2005). The plastic human brain cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 377-401. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216
Perroud, N., Rutembesa, E., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Mutabaruka, J., Mutesa, L., Stenz, L., Malafosse, A. ve Karege, F. (2014). The Tutsi genocide and transgenerational transmission of maternal stress: Epigenetics and biology of the HPA axis. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(4), 334-345. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2013.866693
Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier ve J. Langer, Çeviri). İçinde P.H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology. Wiley.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. (M. Cook, Çeviri). W. W. Norton & Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., ve Neiderhiser, J. M. (2012). Behavioral genetics. Worth Publishers.
Roberts, B. W. ve Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press.
Rothbart, M. K. ve Ahadi, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
Santrock, J. W. (1997). Life-span development. Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
Santrock, J. W. (2021). Life-Span Development. McGraw-Hill Education.
Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development, 54(2), 424–435.
Siegler, R. S. (1998). Emerging minds: The process of change in children’s thinking. Oxford University Press.
Siegler, R. S. (2000). The rebirth of children’s learning. Child Development, 71(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00115
Siegler, R. S., Saffran, J., Eisenberg, N., DeLoache, J. S., Gershoff, E. ve Leaper, C. (2017). How Children Develop. Worth Publishers.
Sigelman, C. K. ve Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-Span Human Development. Cengage Learning.
Skinner, B. F. (1965). Science and human behavior. Simon and Schuster.
Steinberg, L. (2017). Adolescence. McGraw Hill.
Szyf, M., Weaver, I. C., Champagne, F. A., Diorio, J., ve Meaney, M. J. (2005). Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 26(3-4), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.002
Tanner, J. M. (1990). Fetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Harvard University Press.
Thomas, A. ve Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. Brunner/Mazel.
Thompson, R. A. (2019). Early moral development and attachment theory. İçinde D. J. Laible, G. Carlo ve L. M. Padilla-Walker (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (ss. 21–39). Oxford University Press.
Weaver, I. C., Szyf, M., ve Meaney, M. J. (2002). From maternal care to gene expression: DNA methylation and the maternal programming of stress responses. Endocrine Research, 28(4), 699-699. https://doi.org/10.1081/ERC-120016989
World Health Organization. (2007). Promoting physical activity in schools: An important element of a health-promoting school. World Health Organization.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement 450, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x
