Yaşlılarda Kuvvet Gelişiminin Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Temelleri
Özet
Referanslar
Alvis, B. D., & Hughes, C. G. (2015). Physiology considerations in geriatric patients. Anesthesiology Clinics, 33(3), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2015.05.003
Arnold, P., & Bautmans, I. (2014). The influence of strength training on muscle activation in elderly persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 58, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.07.005
Beğer, T., & Yavuzer, H. (2012). Yaşlılık ve yaşlılık epidemiyolojisi. Klinik Gelişim, 25(3), 1–3.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
Castelo-Branco, C., & Soveral, I. (2014). The immune system and aging: A review. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2013.852531
Costantino, S., Paneni, F., & Cosentino, F. (2016). Ageing, metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Physiology, 594(8), 2061–2073. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270538
Dodds, R., & Sayer, A. A. (2014). Sarkopeni. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 58(5), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000003374
Doherty, T. J. (2003). Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(4), 1717–1727. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003
Ergün, M. (2013). Yaşlılık ve egzersiz. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 48(4), 131–138.
Gençoğlu, C., & Çabuk, S. (2024). Sporda fizyolojik adaptasyonların sürdürülebilirliği: Dayanıklılık ve kuvvet gelişimi. In Antrenman biliminde sürdürülebilirlik ve nitel araştırmalar. Özgür Yayınları. https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub487
Gielen, E., Beckwée, D., Delaere, A., De Breucker, S., Vandewoude, M., & Bautmans, I. (2021). Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrition Reviews, 79(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa106
Granacher, U., Gruber, M., & Gollhofer, A. (2009). Resistance training and neuromuscular performance in seniors. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(9), 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224171
Grgic, J., Garofolini, A., Orazem, J., Sabol, F., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedišić, Z. (2020). Effects of resistance training on muscle size and strength in very elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 1983–1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01331-7
Güneş, M., Şimşek, A., & Demirer, B. (2020). Sarkopenik yaşlı bireylerde dirençli egzersiz eğitiminin etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 494–499.
Harber, M. P., Konopka, A. R., Douglass, M. D., Minchev, K., Kaminsky, L. A., Trappe, T. A., Trappe, S. W., & Trappe, S. (2009). Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(5), R1452–R1459. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00354.2009
Hemmeter, U. M., & Ngamsri, T. (2022). Körperliche Aktivität und psychische Gesundheit: Fokus Alter. Praxis, 111(12), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a000000
Hepsert, S., Sezer, B. S., Evin, T. E., & Kılıç, Y. (2024). Farklı spor branşındaki bireylerin bazal metabolik hız ve beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 13(4), 410-415. doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1491818
Hunter, S. K., Pereira, H. M., & Keenan, K. G. (2016). The aging neuromuscular system and motor performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(4), 982–995. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00475.2016
Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L. (2014). Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(10), 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70034-8
Kalyon, T. A. (1997). Spor hekimliği: Sporcu sağlığı ve spor sakatlıkları (s. 45–147). Ankara: GATA Basımevi.
Kanasi, E., Ayilavarapu, S., & Jones, J. (2016). The aging population: Demographics and the biology of aging. Periodontology 2000, 72(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12126
Karakaş, S. (2012). Yaşlanmanın anatomisi. Turkish Family Physician, 3(1), 12–18.
Kızılay, E. (2024). Yaşlı bireylerde fiziksel aktivite. In Sağlık & Bilim 2024: Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon-II (s. 33).
Kızılca, S., Bilici, Ö. F., Ekiz, D., Okut, S. (2024). Evaluation of Awareness Levels Towards Winter Sports in Secondary School Students Studying in Different Climatic Conditions. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(3), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1508188
Kobayashi, Y., Ueyasu, Y., Yamashita, Y., & Akagi, R. (2016). Effects of 4 weeks of explosive-type strength training for the plantar flexors on the rate of torque development and postural stability in elderly individuals. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6), 470–475. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564250
Konopka, A. R., & Harber, M. P. (2014). Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after aerobic exercise training. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42(2), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000007
Lakatta, E. G., & Levy, D. (2003). Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part II: The aging heart in health: Links to heart disease. Circulation, 107(2), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000048893.62841.F7
Lee, W. J., Peng, L. N., Lin, M. H., Loh, C. H., & Chen, L. K. (2020). Determinants and indicators of successful ageing associated with mortality: A 4-year population-based study. Aging, 12(3), 2670–2679. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102728
Liberale, L., Tual-Chalot, S., Sedej, S., Ministrini, S., Georgiopoulos, G., Grunewald, M., Kishimoto, J., & Stellos, K. (2025). Roadmap for alleviating the manifestations of ageing in the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology,1–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-025-01005-7
Linhares, D. G., Borba-Pinheiro, C. J., Castro, J. B. P., Santos, A. O. B., Santos, L. L., Cordeiro, L. S., Ramos, P. S., & Vale, R. G. (2022). Effects of multicomponent exercise training on the health of older women with osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114195
Melzer, D., Pilling, L. C., & Ferrucci, L. (2020). The genetics of human ageing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 21(2), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0183-6
Miller, M. R. (2010). Structural and physiological age-associated changes in aging lungs. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 31(5), 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265893
Okut, S. & Kızılca, S. (2024). The effects of open and closed kinetic chain exercises on visual reaction times and certain motor skills in young male boxers. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 373-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.18506/anemon. 1398291
Nied, R. J., & Franklin, B. (2002). Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly. American Family Physician, 65(3), 419–426.
Palmer, A. K., & Jensen, M. D. (2022). Metabolic changes in aging humans: Current evidence and therapeutic strategies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 132(16), e158608. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI158608
Park, S. (2022). Biochemical, structural and physical changes in aging human skin, and their relationship. Biogerontology, 23(3), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-022-09981-6
Pyo, I. S., Yun, S., Yoon, Y. E., Choi, J. W., & Lee, S. J. (2020). Mechanisms of aging and the preventive effects of resveratrol on age-related diseases. Molecules, 25(20), 4649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204649
Rodrigues, F., Domingos, C., Monteiro, D., & Morouço, P. (2022). A review on aging, sarcopenia, falls, and resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020874
Sharma, G., & Goodwin, J. (2006). Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.253
Singh, A., D’Amico, D., Andreux, P. A., Fouassier, A. M., Blanco-Bose, W., Evans, M., Aebischer, P., Auwerx, J., & Rinsch, C. (2022). Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults. Cell Reports Medicine, 3(5), 100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633
Soygüden, A., & Cerit, E. (2015). Yaşlılar için egzersiz uygulamalarının önemi. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 197–224.
Syed-Abdul, M. M. (2021). Benefits of resistance training in older adults. Current Aging Science, 14(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609813666210203163336
Symons, T. B., Vandervoort, A. A., Rice, C. L., Overend, T. J., & Marsh, G. D. (2005). Effects of maximal isometric and isokinetic resistance training on strength and functional mobility in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(6), 777–781. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.6.777
Şahin, S. K., & Palteki, A. S. (2023). Yaşlılıkta fiziksel sağlamlığı sürdürmek. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 95–101.
Ünver, G., & Yol, Y. (2023). Yaşlı bireylerde kalistenik egzersizler. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 257–266.
Valkeinen, H., Häkkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Hannonen, P., Häkkinen, A., Airaksinen, O., & Alén, M. (2005). Muscle hypertrophy, strength development, and serum hormones during strength training in elderly women with fibromyalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 34(4), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009740510026725
Vigorito, C., & Giallauria, F. (2014). Effects of exercise on cardiovascular performance in the elderly. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00051
Zhang, X., Habiballa, L., Aversa, Z., Ng, Y. E., Sakamoto, A. E., Englund, D. A., Dungan, C. M., Murach, K. A., & LeBrasseur, N. K. (2022). Characterization of cellular senescence in aging skeletal muscle. Nature Aging, 2(7), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-022-00234-2
Referanslar
Alvis, B. D., & Hughes, C. G. (2015). Physiology considerations in geriatric patients. Anesthesiology Clinics, 33(3), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2015.05.003
Arnold, P., & Bautmans, I. (2014). The influence of strength training on muscle activation in elderly persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 58, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.07.005
Beğer, T., & Yavuzer, H. (2012). Yaşlılık ve yaşlılık epidemiyolojisi. Klinik Gelişim, 25(3), 1–3.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
Castelo-Branco, C., & Soveral, I. (2014). The immune system and aging: A review. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2013.852531
Costantino, S., Paneni, F., & Cosentino, F. (2016). Ageing, metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Physiology, 594(8), 2061–2073. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270538
Dodds, R., & Sayer, A. A. (2014). Sarkopeni. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 58(5), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000003374
Doherty, T. J. (2003). Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(4), 1717–1727. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003
Ergün, M. (2013). Yaşlılık ve egzersiz. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 48(4), 131–138.
Gençoğlu, C., & Çabuk, S. (2024). Sporda fizyolojik adaptasyonların sürdürülebilirliği: Dayanıklılık ve kuvvet gelişimi. In Antrenman biliminde sürdürülebilirlik ve nitel araştırmalar. Özgür Yayınları. https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub487
Gielen, E., Beckwée, D., Delaere, A., De Breucker, S., Vandewoude, M., & Bautmans, I. (2021). Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrition Reviews, 79(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa106
Granacher, U., Gruber, M., & Gollhofer, A. (2009). Resistance training and neuromuscular performance in seniors. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(9), 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224171
Grgic, J., Garofolini, A., Orazem, J., Sabol, F., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedišić, Z. (2020). Effects of resistance training on muscle size and strength in very elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 1983–1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01331-7
Güneş, M., Şimşek, A., & Demirer, B. (2020). Sarkopenik yaşlı bireylerde dirençli egzersiz eğitiminin etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 494–499.
Harber, M. P., Konopka, A. R., Douglass, M. D., Minchev, K., Kaminsky, L. A., Trappe, T. A., Trappe, S. W., & Trappe, S. (2009). Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(5), R1452–R1459. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00354.2009
Hemmeter, U. M., & Ngamsri, T. (2022). Körperliche Aktivität und psychische Gesundheit: Fokus Alter. Praxis, 111(12), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a000000
Hepsert, S., Sezer, B. S., Evin, T. E., & Kılıç, Y. (2024). Farklı spor branşındaki bireylerin bazal metabolik hız ve beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 13(4), 410-415. doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1491818
Hunter, S. K., Pereira, H. M., & Keenan, K. G. (2016). The aging neuromuscular system and motor performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(4), 982–995. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00475.2016
Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L. (2014). Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(10), 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70034-8
Kalyon, T. A. (1997). Spor hekimliği: Sporcu sağlığı ve spor sakatlıkları (s. 45–147). Ankara: GATA Basımevi.
Kanasi, E., Ayilavarapu, S., & Jones, J. (2016). The aging population: Demographics and the biology of aging. Periodontology 2000, 72(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12126
Karakaş, S. (2012). Yaşlanmanın anatomisi. Turkish Family Physician, 3(1), 12–18.
Kızılay, E. (2024). Yaşlı bireylerde fiziksel aktivite. In Sağlık & Bilim 2024: Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon-II (s. 33).
Kızılca, S., Bilici, Ö. F., Ekiz, D., Okut, S. (2024). Evaluation of Awareness Levels Towards Winter Sports in Secondary School Students Studying in Different Climatic Conditions. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(3), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1508188
Kobayashi, Y., Ueyasu, Y., Yamashita, Y., & Akagi, R. (2016). Effects of 4 weeks of explosive-type strength training for the plantar flexors on the rate of torque development and postural stability in elderly individuals. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6), 470–475. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564250
Konopka, A. R., & Harber, M. P. (2014). Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after aerobic exercise training. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42(2), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000007
Lakatta, E. G., & Levy, D. (2003). Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part II: The aging heart in health: Links to heart disease. Circulation, 107(2), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000048893.62841.F7
Lee, W. J., Peng, L. N., Lin, M. H., Loh, C. H., & Chen, L. K. (2020). Determinants and indicators of successful ageing associated with mortality: A 4-year population-based study. Aging, 12(3), 2670–2679. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102728
Liberale, L., Tual-Chalot, S., Sedej, S., Ministrini, S., Georgiopoulos, G., Grunewald, M., Kishimoto, J., & Stellos, K. (2025). Roadmap for alleviating the manifestations of ageing in the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology,1–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-025-01005-7
Linhares, D. G., Borba-Pinheiro, C. J., Castro, J. B. P., Santos, A. O. B., Santos, L. L., Cordeiro, L. S., Ramos, P. S., & Vale, R. G. (2022). Effects of multicomponent exercise training on the health of older women with osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114195
Melzer, D., Pilling, L. C., & Ferrucci, L. (2020). The genetics of human ageing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 21(2), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0183-6
Miller, M. R. (2010). Structural and physiological age-associated changes in aging lungs. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 31(5), 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265893
Okut, S. & Kızılca, S. (2024). The effects of open and closed kinetic chain exercises on visual reaction times and certain motor skills in young male boxers. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 373-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.18506/anemon. 1398291
Nied, R. J., & Franklin, B. (2002). Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly. American Family Physician, 65(3), 419–426.
Palmer, A. K., & Jensen, M. D. (2022). Metabolic changes in aging humans: Current evidence and therapeutic strategies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 132(16), e158608. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI158608
Park, S. (2022). Biochemical, structural and physical changes in aging human skin, and their relationship. Biogerontology, 23(3), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-022-09981-6
Pyo, I. S., Yun, S., Yoon, Y. E., Choi, J. W., & Lee, S. J. (2020). Mechanisms of aging and the preventive effects of resveratrol on age-related diseases. Molecules, 25(20), 4649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204649
Rodrigues, F., Domingos, C., Monteiro, D., & Morouço, P. (2022). A review on aging, sarcopenia, falls, and resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020874
Sharma, G., & Goodwin, J. (2006). Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.253
Singh, A., D’Amico, D., Andreux, P. A., Fouassier, A. M., Blanco-Bose, W., Evans, M., Aebischer, P., Auwerx, J., & Rinsch, C. (2022). Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults. Cell Reports Medicine, 3(5), 100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633
Soygüden, A., & Cerit, E. (2015). Yaşlılar için egzersiz uygulamalarının önemi. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 197–224.
Syed-Abdul, M. M. (2021). Benefits of resistance training in older adults. Current Aging Science, 14(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609813666210203163336
Symons, T. B., Vandervoort, A. A., Rice, C. L., Overend, T. J., & Marsh, G. D. (2005). Effects of maximal isometric and isokinetic resistance training on strength and functional mobility in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(6), 777–781. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.6.777
Şahin, S. K., & Palteki, A. S. (2023). Yaşlılıkta fiziksel sağlamlığı sürdürmek. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 95–101.
Ünver, G., & Yol, Y. (2023). Yaşlı bireylerde kalistenik egzersizler. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 257–266.
Valkeinen, H., Häkkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Hannonen, P., Häkkinen, A., Airaksinen, O., & Alén, M. (2005). Muscle hypertrophy, strength development, and serum hormones during strength training in elderly women with fibromyalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 34(4), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009740510026725
Vigorito, C., & Giallauria, F. (2014). Effects of exercise on cardiovascular performance in the elderly. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00051
Zhang, X., Habiballa, L., Aversa, Z., Ng, Y. E., Sakamoto, A. E., Englund, D. A., Dungan, C. M., Murach, K. A., & LeBrasseur, N. K. (2022). Characterization of cellular senescence in aging skeletal muscle. Nature Aging, 2(7), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-022-00234-2
