Toprak Sıcaklığı
Özet
Toprak sıcaklığı, toprak oluşum süreçlerinden bitki gelişimine kadar birçok kimyasal, fiziksel ve biyolojik sürecin hızını belirleyen temel faktörlerden biridir. Toprak sıcaklığının başlıca kaynağı güneş radyasyonudur ve bu enerji toprağın ısınmasını sağlarken buharlaşma, iletim ve yansıma gibi süreçlerle de dengelenir. Toprak sıcaklığını etkileyen faktörler iki ana grupta incelenir: (i) toprak yüzeyine gelen ısı miktarı (güneş radyasyonu, arazi eğimi, enlem derecesi, bitki örtüsü, malçlama, buharlaşma vb.), (ii) toprağın ısıyı depolama ve iletme kapasitesi (özgül ısı, toprak rengi, nem, organik madde içeriği, tekstür ve hacim ağırlığı). Toprak sıcaklığı, biyolojik aktiviteyi doğrudan etkileyerek mikroorganizmaların solunumunu, organik maddenin ayrışmasını ve azot mineralizasyonunu düzenler. Düşük sıcaklıklarda mikrobiyal aktivite ve besin dönüşümleri yavaşlarken, aşırı yüksek sıcaklıklar makro organizmaların ölümüne yol açabilir. Ayrıca yüksek sıcaklık kil minerallerinde dehidrasyona, kum parçacıklarında çatlamaya sebep olarak tekstürel değişimlere neden olur. Bitkiler açısından toprak sıcaklığı; çimlenme, kök gelişimi, besin elementi ve su alımı için kritik öneme sahiptir. Her bitki türünün çimlenme için minimum, optimum ve maksimum sıcaklık değerleri farklıdır. Optimum sıcaklık koşullarında kök su alımı ve besin elementi alımı artarken, düşük sıcaklıklar suyun viskozitesini artırarak su ve besin taşınımını zorlaştırır. Yüksek sıcaklık ise terlemeyi artırarak bitkide stres oluşturur. Genel olarak 8–32 °C aralığı çoğu bitki için kök gelişimi açısından uygun kabul edilmektedir. Toprak sıcaklığı yalnızca fiziksel bir parametre değil, toprak ekosisteminin biyolojik aktivitesini, kimyasal süreçlerini ve bitki büyümesini düzenleyen merkezi bir çevresel faktördür. Bu nedenle tarımsal üretimde toprak sıcaklığının yönetimi sürdürülebilir verimlilik için kritik bir öneme sahiptir.
Referanslar
Ekberli İ, Sarılar Y. Toprak sıcaklığı ve ısısal yayınımın belirlenmesi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;30(1):74-85.
Arkhangel’skaya T, Umarova A. Thermal diffusivity and temperature regime of soils in large lysimeters of the experimental soil station of Moscow State University. Eurasian Soil Science. 2008;41:276-85.
Abu-Hamdeh NH. Thermal properties of soils as affected by density and water content. Biosystems engineering. 2003;86(1):97-102.
De Vries DA. Thermal properties of soils. Physics of plant environment. 1963:210-35.
Fang C, Smith P, Moncrieff JB, Smith JU. Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature. 2005;433(7021):57-9.
Elizaberashivili E, Elizaberashivili M, Magalekelidze R, Sulkhanishvili N, Elizabarashivili S. Specific features of soil temperature regime in Georgia. Eurasian soil Sci. 2007;40(7):761-5.
Mamedov R. Azerbaycan SSR topraklarının agrofiziksel özellikleri. Bakü, Elm, 244s. 1989:172-92.
Lamont W, Jr. Plastics: modifying the microclimate for the production of vegetable crops. 2005.
Kader M. Mulching material effects on soil moisture and temperature of soybean (Glycine max) under effective rainfall. Gifu University, Japan (Master’s thesis). 2016.
Lehnert M. The soil temperature regime in the urban and suburban landscapes of Olomouc, Czech Republic. Moravian Geographical Reports. 2013;21(3):27-36.
Conant RT, Drijber RA, Haddix ML, Parton WJ, Paul EA, Plante AF, et al. Sensitivity of organic matter decomposition to warming varies with its quality. Global Change Biology. 2008;14(4):868-77.
Allison SD, Wallenstein MD, Bradford MA. Soil-carbon response to warming dependent on microbial physiology. Nature Geoscience. 2010;3(5):336-40.
Wallenstein M, Allison SD, Ernakovich J, Steinweg JM, Sinsabaugh R. Controls on the temperature sensitivity of soil enzymes: a key driver of in situ enzyme activity rates. Soil enzymology. 2011:245-58.
Yan Q, Duan Z, Mao J, Li X, Dong F. Effects of root-zone temperature and N, P, and K supplies on nutrient uptake of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in hydroponics. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2012;58(6):707-17.
Kaiser C, Meyer H, Biasi C, Rusalimova O, Barsukov P, Richter A. Conservation of soil organic matter through cryoturbation in arctic soils in Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2007;112(G2).
Allison SD. Cheaters, diffusion and nutrients constrain decomposition by microbial enzymes in spatially structured environments. Ecology Letters. 2005;8(6):626-35.
Bristow KL. Measurement of thermal properties and water content of unsaturated sandy soil using dual-probe heat-pulse probes. Agricultural and forest meteorology. 1998;89(2):75-84.
Fierer N, Craine JM, McLauchlan K, Schimel JP. Litter quality and the temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Ecology. 2005;86(2):320-6.
Broadbent F. Soil organic matter. Sustainable options in land management. 2015;2:34-8.
Arocena J, Opio C. Prescribed fire-induced changes in properties of sub-boreal forest soils. Geoderma. 2003;113(1-2):1-16.
Pardini G, Gispert M, Dunjó G. Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Science of the total Environment. 2004;328(1-3):237-46.
Inbar A, Lado M, Sternberg M, Tenau H, Ben-Hur M. Forest fire effects on soil chemical and physicochemical properties, infiltration, runoff, and erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Geoderma. 2014;221:131-8.
Weil R, Brady N. The nature and properties of soils, 15th edn., edited by: Fox, D. Pearson, Columbus; 2016.
Toselli M, Flore J, Marangoni B, Masia A. Effects of root-zone temperature on nitrogen accumulation by non-bearing apple trees. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 1999;74(1):118-24.
Kramer PJ, Boyer JS. Water relations of plants and soils: Academic press; 1995.
Pregitzer K, King J. Effects of soil temperature on nutrient uptake. Nutrient acquisition by plants: an ecological perspective: Springer; 2005. p. 277-310.
Gavito ME, Curtis PS, Mikkelsen TN, Jakobsen I. Interactive effects of soil temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide and soil N on root development, biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat during vegetative growth. Journal of experimental botany. 2001;52(362):1913-23.
Pregitzer KS, King JS, Burton AJ, Brown SE. Responses of tree fine roots to temperature. New Phytologist. 2000;147(1):105-15.
Wang Y, Mao Z, Bakker MR, Kim JH, Brancheriau L, Buatois B, et al. Linking conifer root growth and production to soil temperature and carbon supply in temperate forests. Plant and Soil. 2018;426:33-50.
Alvarez‐Uria P, Körner C. Low temperature limits of root growth in deciduous and evergreen temperate tree species. Functional ecology. 2007;21(2):211-8.
Anonim 2021. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/winter-annual-cover-crops#section_heading_7434
Referanslar
Ekberli İ, Sarılar Y. Toprak sıcaklığı ve ısısal yayınımın belirlenmesi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;30(1):74-85.
Arkhangel’skaya T, Umarova A. Thermal diffusivity and temperature regime of soils in large lysimeters of the experimental soil station of Moscow State University. Eurasian Soil Science. 2008;41:276-85.
Abu-Hamdeh NH. Thermal properties of soils as affected by density and water content. Biosystems engineering. 2003;86(1):97-102.
De Vries DA. Thermal properties of soils. Physics of plant environment. 1963:210-35.
Fang C, Smith P, Moncrieff JB, Smith JU. Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature. 2005;433(7021):57-9.
Elizaberashivili E, Elizaberashivili M, Magalekelidze R, Sulkhanishvili N, Elizabarashivili S. Specific features of soil temperature regime in Georgia. Eurasian soil Sci. 2007;40(7):761-5.
Mamedov R. Azerbaycan SSR topraklarının agrofiziksel özellikleri. Bakü, Elm, 244s. 1989:172-92.
Lamont W, Jr. Plastics: modifying the microclimate for the production of vegetable crops. 2005.
Kader M. Mulching material effects on soil moisture and temperature of soybean (Glycine max) under effective rainfall. Gifu University, Japan (Master’s thesis). 2016.
Lehnert M. The soil temperature regime in the urban and suburban landscapes of Olomouc, Czech Republic. Moravian Geographical Reports. 2013;21(3):27-36.
Conant RT, Drijber RA, Haddix ML, Parton WJ, Paul EA, Plante AF, et al. Sensitivity of organic matter decomposition to warming varies with its quality. Global Change Biology. 2008;14(4):868-77.
Allison SD, Wallenstein MD, Bradford MA. Soil-carbon response to warming dependent on microbial physiology. Nature Geoscience. 2010;3(5):336-40.
Wallenstein M, Allison SD, Ernakovich J, Steinweg JM, Sinsabaugh R. Controls on the temperature sensitivity of soil enzymes: a key driver of in situ enzyme activity rates. Soil enzymology. 2011:245-58.
Yan Q, Duan Z, Mao J, Li X, Dong F. Effects of root-zone temperature and N, P, and K supplies on nutrient uptake of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in hydroponics. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2012;58(6):707-17.
Kaiser C, Meyer H, Biasi C, Rusalimova O, Barsukov P, Richter A. Conservation of soil organic matter through cryoturbation in arctic soils in Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2007;112(G2).
Allison SD. Cheaters, diffusion and nutrients constrain decomposition by microbial enzymes in spatially structured environments. Ecology Letters. 2005;8(6):626-35.
Bristow KL. Measurement of thermal properties and water content of unsaturated sandy soil using dual-probe heat-pulse probes. Agricultural and forest meteorology. 1998;89(2):75-84.
Fierer N, Craine JM, McLauchlan K, Schimel JP. Litter quality and the temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Ecology. 2005;86(2):320-6.
Broadbent F. Soil organic matter. Sustainable options in land management. 2015;2:34-8.
Arocena J, Opio C. Prescribed fire-induced changes in properties of sub-boreal forest soils. Geoderma. 2003;113(1-2):1-16.
Pardini G, Gispert M, Dunjó G. Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Science of the total Environment. 2004;328(1-3):237-46.
Inbar A, Lado M, Sternberg M, Tenau H, Ben-Hur M. Forest fire effects on soil chemical and physicochemical properties, infiltration, runoff, and erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Geoderma. 2014;221:131-8.
Weil R, Brady N. The nature and properties of soils, 15th edn., edited by: Fox, D. Pearson, Columbus; 2016.
Toselli M, Flore J, Marangoni B, Masia A. Effects of root-zone temperature on nitrogen accumulation by non-bearing apple trees. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 1999;74(1):118-24.
Kramer PJ, Boyer JS. Water relations of plants and soils: Academic press; 1995.
Pregitzer K, King J. Effects of soil temperature on nutrient uptake. Nutrient acquisition by plants: an ecological perspective: Springer; 2005. p. 277-310.
Gavito ME, Curtis PS, Mikkelsen TN, Jakobsen I. Interactive effects of soil temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide and soil N on root development, biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat during vegetative growth. Journal of experimental botany. 2001;52(362):1913-23.
Pregitzer KS, King JS, Burton AJ, Brown SE. Responses of tree fine roots to temperature. New Phytologist. 2000;147(1):105-15.
Wang Y, Mao Z, Bakker MR, Kim JH, Brancheriau L, Buatois B, et al. Linking conifer root growth and production to soil temperature and carbon supply in temperate forests. Plant and Soil. 2018;426:33-50.
Alvarez‐Uria P, Körner C. Low temperature limits of root growth in deciduous and evergreen temperate tree species. Functional ecology. 2007;21(2):211-8.
Anonim 2021. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/winter-annual-cover-crops#section_heading_7434
