Maş Fasulyesinde Mutasyon Islahının Önemi ve Uygulamaları
Özet
Mutasyon ıslahı, maş fasulyesi (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) gibi kendi kendine tozlaşan bitkilerde dar genetik çeşitliliğin getirdiği sınırlamaların üstesinden gelmek için temel bir strateji olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Islahçılar, verim, kalite ve stres direncinde önemli iyileştirmeler sağlayan yeni alelik kombinasyonları oluşturmak için fiziksel ve kimyasal mutajenler kullanarak kalıtsal değişiklikler oluşturmuşlardır. Bu bölüm, maş fasulyesinde mutasyon ıslahının prensipleri, metodolojileri ve temel başarıları hakkında bir özet sunmaktadır. Özellikle, morfolojik, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal çeşitliliği değiştirmek için kimyasal ve fiziksel mutajenlerin uygulanması oldukça yaygındır. Maş fasulyesinde mutasyon ıslahı sayesinde verim bileşenleri, erkencilik, homojen bakla olgunlaşması, sarı mozaik virüsüne ve küllemeye karşı direnç ve kuraklık ve tuzluluk stresine toleranslı mutantlar geliştirilip birçok ülkede piyasaya sürülmüştür. Doğrudan çeşit geliştirmeye ek olarak, indüklenen mutantlar, işlevsel genomik, ön ıslah ve markör destekli seleksiyon için değerli kaynaklar olarak kullanılmaktadır. Rastgele oluşan mutasyonun etkileri, genotipe özgü tepkiler ve geniş çaplı tarama ihtiyacı gibi zorluklara rağmen, mutasyon ıslahı, maş fasulyesi ıslahını güçlendirmek için uygun maliyetli ve transgenik olmayan bir yaklaşım olmaya devam etmektedir. İndüklenmiş mutagenezi modern genomik araçlarla entegre etmek, besin değeri yüksek ve çevresel koşullara dayanıklı çeşitlerin geliştirilmesindeki rolünü daha da genişletecek ve bu da gıda ve beslenme güvenliğini sağlayacaktır.
Referanslar
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Penna S, Jain SM. Mutation Breeding for Sustainable Food Production and Climate Resilience. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023.
Solanki RK, Gill RK, Verma P, Singh S. Mutation breeding in pulses: an overview. Breeding of pulse crops. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers, 2011. p. 85-103.
Kharkwal MC. Mutation breeding for crop improvement. In: Jain HK, Kharakwal MC (Eds) Plant Breeding - Mendelian to Molecular Approaches. New Delhi, India, Narosa Publishing House, 2004. P. 601-645
Auti SG. Induced morphological and quantitative mutations in mungbean. Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability, 2012; 6(1): 27-39.
Javed I, Ahsan M, Ahmad H M, Ali Q. Role of mutation breeding to improve mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) yield: An overview. Nature and Science. 2016;14(1): 63–77. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140116.09
Kumar R, Sharma NK, Meena S, Balakrishnan AP. Mutation breeding: A way forward for genetic improvement in mungbean. International Journal of Plant and Environment. 2021; 7(4): 255–262.
Ghotbi V, Mahrokh A, Tehrani AM, Asadi H. Evaluation of forage yield and quality of cowpea, guar, and mung bean under drought stress conditions. Chemistry Proceedings. 2022; 10(1): 62.
Akbay F, Günaydın T, Kızılyar EN, vd. İkinci ürün koşullarında mısır-maş fasulye üretiminde farklı ekim sistemlerinin silaj kalitesi ve fermentasyonuna etkisi. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024; 8 (4): 992-1000.
Imran Ȉ, Khan, AA, Inam I, et al. Yield and yield attributes of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars as affected by phosphorous levels under different tillage systems. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016; 2(1): 1151982.
Sangsiri C, Worawit S, Peerasak S. Gamma radiation induced muta- tions in mungbean. Science Asia. 2005; 31: 251-255
Khan S, Goyal S. Mutation genetic studies in mungbean IV. Selection of early maturing mutants. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 2009; 42(2): 109-113
Muller HJ. Artificial transmutation of the gene. Science. 1927; 66(1699): 84-87.
Maluszynski M, Nichterlein K, Van Zanten L, et al. Officially released mutant varieties-the FAO/IAEA Database. 2000.
Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Mba C, Till BJ. Mutagenesis for crop breeding and functional genomics. Biotechnologies for Plant Mutation Breeding. 2017; 30: 3-18.
Ahloowalia BS, Maluszynski M, Nichterlein K. Global impact of mutation-derived varieties. Euphytica. 2004; 135(2): 187-204.
Stadler LJ. Chromosome number and the mutation rate in Avena and Triticum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.1929;15(12): 876-881.
Shu QY, Forster BP, Nakagawa H, Nakagawa H.. Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology. Cabi. 2012.
Henikoff S, Till BJ, Comai L. Traditional mutagenesis meets functional genomics. Plant Physiology, 2004;135(2): 630-636.
Hasan N, Choudhary S, Joshi DC et al. A comparative study of mutagenic efficacy of EMS and MMS in inducing quantitative and cytological variations in Capsicum annuum L. var. NS1101. Discover Plants, 2025; 2(1): 184.
Sikora P, Chawade A, Larsson M, et al. Mutagenesis as a tool in plant genetics, functional genomics, and breeding. International Journal of Plant Genomics. 2011;(1): 314829.
Konzak CF, Nilan RA, Wagner J., et al. Efficient chemical mutagenesis. 1965.
Dhooghe E, Van Laere K, Eeckhaut T, Leus L, Van Huylenbroeck J. Mitotic chromosome doubling of plant tissues in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2011; 104(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9786-5
Roy P, Mandal A, Das D. A review on colchicine-induced polyploidy in legume crops. Legume Research. 2021; 44(7): 778–785. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4895
Wongpiyasatid A, Chotechuen S, Hormchan P., et al. Induced mutations in mungbean breeding: regional yield trial of mungbean mutant lines. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2000; 34(4): 443-449.
Tah PR. Induced synchrony in pod maturity in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 2009; 4(1): 41-44.
Sahu BC, Patra G. Evaluation of quantitative characteristics in some mutant lines of green gram. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1997; 67: 533- 535
Lal N, Mishra R. Induced genetic variability and divergence in M2 gene- ration of mungbean. Indian Journal of Pulses Research. 2006;19 (1):47-49
Yaqoob M, Rashid A. Induced mutation studies in some mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Biological Sciences. 2001; 1: 805-808
Sarwar G, Ahmed M. Development of new high yielding mungbean variety “AEM 96” through induced mutations. SAARC Journal of Agriculture. 2003;1: 173-180
Tah PR. Induced macromutation in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Botany. 2006; 2(3): 219-228.
Khan S, Wani M. Induced mutations affecting quantitative characters in mungbean. Agricultural Science Digest. 2006; 4: 241-244
Auti SG, Barshile JD, Dalave SC et al. Frequency and spec- trum of chlorophyll mutants in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2007; 20(2): 156-157.
Singh A. Induced genetic variability in M3 generation of mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2009;22(3):162-165
Singh A, Kumar D. Genetic parameters and co-efficient analysis in M4 generation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek). Journal of Food Legumes. 2009;22 (3): 166-170
Kumar A, Parmhansh P, Prasad R. Induced chlorophyll and morpholo- gical mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Legume Research. 2009; 32(1): 41-45
Auti SG, Apparao BJ. Induced mutagenesis in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 97- 100.
Ngampongsai, S., Watanasit, A., Srinives, P et al. Cur- rent status of mungbean and the use of mutation breeding in Thailand. In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 355-357.
Reddy KS. A new mutant for yellow mosaic virus resistant in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) variety SML 668 by recurrent gamma irradiation. In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 361-362
Balai OP, Krishna KR. Efficiency and effectiveness of chemical mutagens in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2009; 22(2): 105-108.
Dhole VJ, Reddy KS. Gamma rays induced moisture stress tolerant long root mutant in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2010;1(5): 1299-1305
Kozgar MI, Goyal S, Khan S. EMS induced mutational variability in Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo. Research Journal of Botany. 2011; 6 (1): 31-37
Lavanya R, Yadav L, Suresh B et al. Sodium azide mutagenic effect on biological parameters and induced genetic variability in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2011; 24 (1): 46-49
Bado S, Forster BP, Nielen S et al. Plant mutation breeding: current progress and future assessment. Plant Breeding Reviews. 2015; 39: 23-88.
Yali W, Mitiku T. Mutation breeding and its importance in modern plant breeding. Journal of Plant Sciences. 2022; 10(2): 64-70.
Gandhi S, Umavath, S, Mullainathan L. Studies on induced chlorophyll mutants in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Int J of Adv Res. 2014; 2: 00-04.
Raina A, Laskar RA, Tantray YR, et al. Characterization of induced high yielding cowpea mutant lines using physiological, biochemical and molecular markers. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1): 3687.
Wani MR. Characterization of chlorophyll deficient mutants in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2020; 49(4): 1013-1019.
Dhole VJ, Souframanien J, Reddy KS, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and efficiency of electron beam over gamma rays to induce novel mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2023; 194: 110719.
Kumar S. Gamma radiation ınduced mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzek). Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science. 2014;4:240-243
Girija M, Dhanavel D, Gnanamurthy S. Gamma rays and EMS induced flower color and seed mutants in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Advances in Applied Science Research. 2013; 4:134-139.
Rahevar PM, Chauhan RM, Patel PT, et al. Isolation and evaluation of novel male sterile and self‐incompatible mutant lines of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Breeding. (2024); 143(5): 666-674.
Usharani KS, Kumar CA. Mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness of gamma rays and EMS and their combination in inducing chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation of Urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2015; 6(1): 210-217.)
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Referanslar
IAEA (2008). Induced Mutations in Plants. Proceedings of a Joint FAO/IAEA Symposium, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Penna S, Jain SM. Mutation Breeding for Sustainable Food Production and Climate Resilience. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023.
Solanki RK, Gill RK, Verma P, Singh S. Mutation breeding in pulses: an overview. Breeding of pulse crops. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers, 2011. p. 85-103.
Kharkwal MC. Mutation breeding for crop improvement. In: Jain HK, Kharakwal MC (Eds) Plant Breeding - Mendelian to Molecular Approaches. New Delhi, India, Narosa Publishing House, 2004. P. 601-645
Auti SG. Induced morphological and quantitative mutations in mungbean. Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability, 2012; 6(1): 27-39.
Javed I, Ahsan M, Ahmad H M, Ali Q. Role of mutation breeding to improve mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) yield: An overview. Nature and Science. 2016;14(1): 63–77. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140116.09
Kumar R, Sharma NK, Meena S, Balakrishnan AP. Mutation breeding: A way forward for genetic improvement in mungbean. International Journal of Plant and Environment. 2021; 7(4): 255–262.
Ghotbi V, Mahrokh A, Tehrani AM, Asadi H. Evaluation of forage yield and quality of cowpea, guar, and mung bean under drought stress conditions. Chemistry Proceedings. 2022; 10(1): 62.
Akbay F, Günaydın T, Kızılyar EN, vd. İkinci ürün koşullarında mısır-maş fasulye üretiminde farklı ekim sistemlerinin silaj kalitesi ve fermentasyonuna etkisi. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024; 8 (4): 992-1000.
Imran Ȉ, Khan, AA, Inam I, et al. Yield and yield attributes of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars as affected by phosphorous levels under different tillage systems. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016; 2(1): 1151982.
Sangsiri C, Worawit S, Peerasak S. Gamma radiation induced muta- tions in mungbean. Science Asia. 2005; 31: 251-255
Khan S, Goyal S. Mutation genetic studies in mungbean IV. Selection of early maturing mutants. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 2009; 42(2): 109-113
Muller HJ. Artificial transmutation of the gene. Science. 1927; 66(1699): 84-87.
Maluszynski M, Nichterlein K, Van Zanten L, et al. Officially released mutant varieties-the FAO/IAEA Database. 2000.
Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Mba C, Till BJ. Mutagenesis for crop breeding and functional genomics. Biotechnologies for Plant Mutation Breeding. 2017; 30: 3-18.
Ahloowalia BS, Maluszynski M, Nichterlein K. Global impact of mutation-derived varieties. Euphytica. 2004; 135(2): 187-204.
Stadler LJ. Chromosome number and the mutation rate in Avena and Triticum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.1929;15(12): 876-881.
Shu QY, Forster BP, Nakagawa H, Nakagawa H.. Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology. Cabi. 2012.
Henikoff S, Till BJ, Comai L. Traditional mutagenesis meets functional genomics. Plant Physiology, 2004;135(2): 630-636.
Hasan N, Choudhary S, Joshi DC et al. A comparative study of mutagenic efficacy of EMS and MMS in inducing quantitative and cytological variations in Capsicum annuum L. var. NS1101. Discover Plants, 2025; 2(1): 184.
Sikora P, Chawade A, Larsson M, et al. Mutagenesis as a tool in plant genetics, functional genomics, and breeding. International Journal of Plant Genomics. 2011;(1): 314829.
Konzak CF, Nilan RA, Wagner J., et al. Efficient chemical mutagenesis. 1965.
Dhooghe E, Van Laere K, Eeckhaut T, Leus L, Van Huylenbroeck J. Mitotic chromosome doubling of plant tissues in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2011; 104(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9786-5
Roy P, Mandal A, Das D. A review on colchicine-induced polyploidy in legume crops. Legume Research. 2021; 44(7): 778–785. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4895
Wongpiyasatid A, Chotechuen S, Hormchan P., et al. Induced mutations in mungbean breeding: regional yield trial of mungbean mutant lines. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2000; 34(4): 443-449.
Tah PR. Induced synchrony in pod maturity in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 2009; 4(1): 41-44.
Sahu BC, Patra G. Evaluation of quantitative characteristics in some mutant lines of green gram. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1997; 67: 533- 535
Lal N, Mishra R. Induced genetic variability and divergence in M2 gene- ration of mungbean. Indian Journal of Pulses Research. 2006;19 (1):47-49
Yaqoob M, Rashid A. Induced mutation studies in some mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Biological Sciences. 2001; 1: 805-808
Sarwar G, Ahmed M. Development of new high yielding mungbean variety “AEM 96” through induced mutations. SAARC Journal of Agriculture. 2003;1: 173-180
Tah PR. Induced macromutation in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Botany. 2006; 2(3): 219-228.
Khan S, Wani M. Induced mutations affecting quantitative characters in mungbean. Agricultural Science Digest. 2006; 4: 241-244
Auti SG, Barshile JD, Dalave SC et al. Frequency and spec- trum of chlorophyll mutants in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2007; 20(2): 156-157.
Singh A. Induced genetic variability in M3 generation of mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2009;22(3):162-165
Singh A, Kumar D. Genetic parameters and co-efficient analysis in M4 generation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek). Journal of Food Legumes. 2009;22 (3): 166-170
Kumar A, Parmhansh P, Prasad R. Induced chlorophyll and morpholo- gical mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Legume Research. 2009; 32(1): 41-45
Auti SG, Apparao BJ. Induced mutagenesis in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 97- 100.
Ngampongsai, S., Watanasit, A., Srinives, P et al. Cur- rent status of mungbean and the use of mutation breeding in Thailand. In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 355-357.
Reddy KS. A new mutant for yellow mosaic virus resistant in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) variety SML 668 by recurrent gamma irradiation. In: Shu Q-Y (Ed) Induced Plant Mutations in the Genomics Era, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2009, p. 361-362
Balai OP, Krishna KR. Efficiency and effectiveness of chemical mutagens in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2009; 22(2): 105-108.
Dhole VJ, Reddy KS. Gamma rays induced moisture stress tolerant long root mutant in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2010;1(5): 1299-1305
Kozgar MI, Goyal S, Khan S. EMS induced mutational variability in Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo. Research Journal of Botany. 2011; 6 (1): 31-37
Lavanya R, Yadav L, Suresh B et al. Sodium azide mutagenic effect on biological parameters and induced genetic variability in mungbean. Journal of Food Legumes. 2011; 24 (1): 46-49
Bado S, Forster BP, Nielen S et al. Plant mutation breeding: current progress and future assessment. Plant Breeding Reviews. 2015; 39: 23-88.
Yali W, Mitiku T. Mutation breeding and its importance in modern plant breeding. Journal of Plant Sciences. 2022; 10(2): 64-70.
Gandhi S, Umavath, S, Mullainathan L. Studies on induced chlorophyll mutants in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Int J of Adv Res. 2014; 2: 00-04.
Raina A, Laskar RA, Tantray YR, et al. Characterization of induced high yielding cowpea mutant lines using physiological, biochemical and molecular markers. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1): 3687.
Wani MR. Characterization of chlorophyll deficient mutants in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2020; 49(4): 1013-1019.
Dhole VJ, Souframanien J, Reddy KS, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and efficiency of electron beam over gamma rays to induce novel mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2023; 194: 110719.
Kumar S. Gamma radiation ınduced mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzek). Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science. 2014;4:240-243
Girija M, Dhanavel D, Gnanamurthy S. Gamma rays and EMS induced flower color and seed mutants in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Advances in Applied Science Research. 2013; 4:134-139.
Rahevar PM, Chauhan RM, Patel PT, et al. Isolation and evaluation of novel male sterile and self‐incompatible mutant lines of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Breeding. (2024); 143(5): 666-674.
Usharani KS, Kumar CA. Mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness of gamma rays and EMS and their combination in inducing chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation of Urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2015; 6(1): 210-217.)
Roslim DI, Fiatin ISRO. Lethal dose 50 (LD 50) of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) cultivar kampar. SABRAO Journal of Breeding & Genetics. 2015; 47(4).
Smith, GF, Kerstein H. Auxins and calines in seedlings from X-rayed seeds. American Journal of Botany. 1942; 29: 785-792
Evans HJ, Sparrow AH. Nuclear factors affecting radiosensitivity II. Dependence on nuclear and chromosome structure and organization. Brook haven Symposia in Biology. 1961; 14: 101-127
Pele SK, Howard A. Effect of various doses of X-rays on the number of cells synthesizing DNA. Radiation Research. 1955; 3: 135-142
Stein OL, Sparrow AH. Effect of chronic gamma radiation on the growth of Kalanchoe cv. Brilliant Star. Radiation Botany. 1963; 3: 207-222
Evans HJ. Effects of radiations on meristematic cells. Radiation Botany 1965; 5: 171-182.
Webber E, Gottschalk W. The relation between cell size and internode length in induced mutants of Pisum sativum. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1973; 49: 101-126
Blonstein AD, Gale MD. Cell size and cell number in dwarf barley and semidearf cereal mutants and their use in cross breeding II (Teidse 407). FAO/IAEA, Vienna, 1984, p. 19-29
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