Fusarium Funguslarının İkincil Metabolitleri ve Biyoaktiviteleri
Özet
Fusarium cinsi (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), kozmopolit yayılışa sahip, ipliksi yapılı bir askomiset fungus grubudur. Fusarium türlerinin bazıları bitki patojenleri olmasına rağmen rizosfer, episfer ve endosferde bulunan patojen olmayan Fusarium türleri önemli ekolojik roller üstlenmektedir. Bu cins, çeşitli kimyasal yapılara ve geniş bir biyolojik etki yelpazesine sahip ikincil metabolitlerin kaynağı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Butenoitler, alkaloidler, terpenoidler, sitokalasinler, fenalenonlar, ksantonlar, steroller, difenil eterler ve antrakinon türevleri gibi bileşikleri sayesinde farklı biyolojik aktiviteler gösterebilmektedirler. Bu bileşikler antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral ve antiparaziter aktiviteleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca, fitohormonlar, demir alımı için sideroforlar, besin mobilizasyonu için enzimler ve sinyal molekülleri olarak işlev görebilen ve bitki büyümesi ve gelişiminde önemli roller oynayan uçucu metabolitler gibi moleküller üretebilmektedirler. Fusarium tarafından üretilen metabolitler ayrıca bitki fizyolojisini etkileyebilir ve bitki savunma sistemlerinin biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç göstermesini sağlayabilir. Tarımsal sistemde, bitki sağlığını hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı olarak etkiledikleri çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Bu bölümde Fusarium türlerinde farklı biyolojik özellik gösteren metabolitler ve etkileri alt başlıklar altında sunulmaktadır.
Referanslar
Lebeda A. Characterization and identification of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi using RAPD-PCR technique. Plant Protection Science. 2002;38:36–36. https://doi.org/10.17221/4819-PPS.
Wang Y-P, Pan Z-C, Yang L-N, et al. Optimizing plant disease management in agricultural ecosystems through rational in-crop diversification. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.767209.
Savary S, Willocquet L, Pethybridge SJ, et al. The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature ecology & evolution, 2019;3(3), 430-439.
Vurro M, Bonciani B, Vannacci G. Emerging infectious diseases of crop plants in developing countries: impact on agriculture and socio-economic consequences. Food security, 2010;2(2), 113-132.
Wang B, Yang X, Jia Y, et al. High-quality Arabidopsis thaliana genome assembly with nanopore and HiFi long reads. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 2022;20(1), 4-13.
Borrelli VM, Brambilla V, Rogowsky P, et al. The enhancement of plant disease resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Frontiers in plant science, 2018;9, 1245.
Burdon JJ, Zhan J. Climate change and disease in plant communities. Public Library of Science Biology, 2020;18(11), e3000949.
Nazarov PA, Baleev DN, Ivanova MI, et al. Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection. Acta Natura et Scienta, 2020;12: 46–59.
Devi PI, Manjula M, Bhavani RV. Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment Resources, 2022;47:399–421.
He D, Zhan J, Xie L Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: from an ecological point of view. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016;15:705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61300-4
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Krings M, Taylor TN, Hass H, et al. Fungal endophytes in a 400‐million‐yr‐old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. New Phytologist, 2007;174(3), 648-657.
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Ma T, Yang C, Cai F, et al. Molecular identification and characterization of Fusarium associated with walnut branch blight disease in China. Pathogens, 2023;12(7), 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070970
Bendejacq‐Seychelles A, Gibot‐Leclerc S, Guillemin JP, et al. Phytotoxic fungal secondary metabolites as herbicides. Pest Management Science, 2024;80(1), 92-102.
Yue B, Wang J, Liu S, et al. Efficient nitric oxide capture and reduction on Ni-loaded CHA zeolites. Green Energy & Environment, 2024;9(12), 1857-1865.
Chen GL, Fan MX, Wu JL et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids from lotus plumule. Food chemistry, 2019;277, 706-712.
Zhu X, Labianca C, He M, et al. Life-cycle assessment of pyrolysis processes for sustainable production of biochar from agro-residues. Bioresource technology, 2022;360, 127601.
Zhou G, Qiao L, Zhang X, et al. Fusaricates HK and fusolanones AB from a mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium solani HDN15-410. Phytochemistry, 2019;158, 13-19.
Sipiczki, M. Metschnikowia strains isolated from botrytized grapes antagonize fungal and bacterial growth by iron depletion. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2006;72(10), 6716-6724.
Jovetić S, Zhu Y, Marcone GL, et al. β-Lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics: first and last line of defense. Trends in biotechnology, 2010;28(12), 596-604.
Jamiołkowska, A., & Kopacki, M. Natural compounds against plant pests and pathogens. In: Egbuna, C., Sawicka, B. (Eds.), Natural remedies for pest, disease and weed control. San Diego: Academic Press; 2020. p. 55–63.
Pal, P., Ansari, S.A., Jalil, S.U., Ansari, M.I. Regulatory role of phytohormones in plant growth and development. In: Khan, M.I.R., Singh, A., Poór, P. (Eds.), Plant hormones in crop improvement. San Diego: Elsevier; 2023. p. 1–13.
Bogner CW, Kamdem RST, Sichtermann G, et al. Bioactive secondary metabolites with multiple activities from a fungal endophyte. Microbial Biotechnology, 2017;10:175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-
Rim SO, You YH, Yoon H, et al. Characterization of gibberellin biosynthetic gene cluster from Fusarium proliferatum. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2013;23(5), 623-629.
Ben Rhouma M, Kriaa M, Ben Nasr Y, et al. A new Endophytic Fusarium Oxysporum gibberellic acid: optimization of production using combined strategies of experimental designs and potency on tomato growth under stress condition. Biomed Research International, 2020;1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4587148
LeBlanc, N. Influence of plant diversity and perennial plant identity on Fusarium communities in soil. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. Retrieved August 14, 2025, from https://hdl.handle.net/11299/175529
Al-Ani, L.K.T. Secondary metabolites of non-pathogenic Fusarium: scope in agriculture. In: Singh, H.B., Keswani, C., Reddy, M.S., Sansinenea, E., García-Estrada, C. (Eds.), Secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019. p. 59–76.
Youmbi, A.K., Touzeau, S., Grognard, F., & Tsanou, B. Modelling of biological control strategies in a self-financing plantation. MPDEE 2025-Conference on Mathematical Population Dynamics, Ecology and Evolution, May 5–9, 2025, Bilbao, Spain. 2025.
Wijesundera RLC, Amarasekera AS, Yapa DND. Production of a siderophore by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 1995;23(3).
Almeida OAC, De Araujo NO, Mulato ATNet al. Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) promote growth and induce metabolic changes in rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2023;13:1056082. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1056082
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Minerdi D, Bossi S, Maffei ME, et al. Fusarium oxysporum and its bacterial consortium promote lettuce growth and expansin A5 gene expression through microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) emission. Federation European Microbiological Societes Microbiology Ecology, 2011;76(2), 342-351.
Son SW, Kim HY, Choi GJ, et al. Bikaverin and fusaric acid from Fusarium oxysporum show antioomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans. Journal of applied microbiology, 2008;104(3), 692-698.
Ebrahim W, Özkaya FC, Ebada SS. Antifungal metabolites from endophytic fungus Fusarium verticillioides strain WF18. South african journal of botany, 2020;133, 40-44.
Limón MC, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Avalos J. Bikaverin production and applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2010;87(1), 21-29.
Liang XA, Ma YM, Zhang HC, et al. A new helvolic acid derivative from an endophytic Fusarium sp. of Ficus carica. Natural Product Research, 2016;30(21), 2407-2412.
Kobayashı H, Sunaga R, Furıhata K, et al. Isolation and structures of an antifungal antibiotic, fusarielin A, and related compounds produced by a Fusarium sp. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1995;48(1), 42-52.
Zhao D, Han X, Wang D, et al. Bioactive 3-Decalinoyltetramic acids derivatives from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Fusarium equiseti D39. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019;10:1285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01285
Vesonder RF, Tjarks LW, Rohwedder WK, et al. Equisetin, An Antibiotic From Fusarium Eq Uiseti Nrrl 5537, Identified as a Derivative of N-Methyl-2, 4-Pyr ollidone. The Journal Of Antibiotics, 1979;32(7), 759-761.
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Referanslar
Lebeda A. Characterization and identification of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi using RAPD-PCR technique. Plant Protection Science. 2002;38:36–36. https://doi.org/10.17221/4819-PPS.
Wang Y-P, Pan Z-C, Yang L-N, et al. Optimizing plant disease management in agricultural ecosystems through rational in-crop diversification. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.767209.
Savary S, Willocquet L, Pethybridge SJ, et al. The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature ecology & evolution, 2019;3(3), 430-439.
Vurro M, Bonciani B, Vannacci G. Emerging infectious diseases of crop plants in developing countries: impact on agriculture and socio-economic consequences. Food security, 2010;2(2), 113-132.
Wang B, Yang X, Jia Y, et al. High-quality Arabidopsis thaliana genome assembly with nanopore and HiFi long reads. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 2022;20(1), 4-13.
Borrelli VM, Brambilla V, Rogowsky P, et al. The enhancement of plant disease resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Frontiers in plant science, 2018;9, 1245.
Burdon JJ, Zhan J. Climate change and disease in plant communities. Public Library of Science Biology, 2020;18(11), e3000949.
Nazarov PA, Baleev DN, Ivanova MI, et al. Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection. Acta Natura et Scienta, 2020;12: 46–59.
Devi PI, Manjula M, Bhavani RV. Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment Resources, 2022;47:399–421.
He D, Zhan J, Xie L Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: from an ecological point of view. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016;15:705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61300-4
Köhl J, Kolnaar R, Ravensberg WJ. Mode of action of microbial biological control agents against plant diseases: relevance beyond efficacy. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019;10:845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00845
Gao H, Li G, Lou HX. Structural diversity and biological activities of novel secondary metabolites from endophytes. Molecules, 2018;23(3), 646.
Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, et al. A friendly relationship between endophytic fungi and medicinal plants: a systematic review. Frontiers in microbiology, 2016;7, 906.
Krings M, Taylor TN, Hass H, et al. Fungal endophytes in a 400‐million‐yr‐old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. New Phytologist, 2007;174(3), 648-657.
Rodrigo S, García-Latorre C, Santamaria O. Metabolites produced by fungi against fungal phytopathogens: Review, implementation and perspectives. Plants, 2021;11(1), 81.
Xia Y, Liu J, Chen C, et al. The multifunctions and future prospects of endophytes and their metabolites in plant disease management. Microorganisms, 2022;10:1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10051072
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW. Fungal secondary metabolism—from biochemistry to genomics. Nature reviews microbiology, 2005;3(12), 937-947.
Toghueo RMK. Bioprospecting endophytic fungi from Fusarium genus as sources of bioactive metabolites. Mycology, 2020;11:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2019.1645053
Ahmed AM, Mahmoud BK, Millán-Aguiñaga N, et al. The endophytic Fusarium strains: a treasure trove of natural products. The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 2023;13:1339–1369. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA04126J
Xu M, Huang Z, Zhu W, et al. Fusarium-derived secondary metabolites with antimicrobial effects. Molecules, 2023;28(8), 3424.
Frisvad JC, Andersen B, Thrane U. The use of secondary metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy of filamentous fungi. Mycological Research, 2008;112:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.018
Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, et al. Plant secondary metabolites as defense tools against herbivores for sustainable crop protection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022;23:2690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052690
Bitas V, McCartney N, Li N, et al. Fusarium oxysporum volatiles enhance plant growth via affecting auxin transport and signaling. Frontiers in microbiology, 2015;6, 1248.
Ma L-J, Geiser DM, Proctor RH, et al. Fusarium Pathogenomics. Annual Review of Microbiology, 2013;67:399–416. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155650
Steinberg, C., Lecomte, C., Alabouvette, C., Edel-Hermann, V. Root interactions with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum: Hey Fusarium oxysporum, what do you do in life when you do not infect a plant?. In: Vos, C.M.F., Kazan, K. (Eds.), Belowground defence strategies in plants. Cham: Springer Nature; 2016. p. 281–299.
Fu Q, Lai JL, Ji XH, et al. Alterations of the rhizosphere soil microbial community composition and metabolite profiles of Zea mays by polyethylene-particles of different molecular weights. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022;423, 127062.
Zhang C, Chen W, Wang B, et al. Potato glycoside alkaloids exhibit antifungal activity by regulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway of Fusarium solani. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2024;15, 1390269.
Ma T, Yang C, Cai F, et al. Molecular identification and characterization of Fusarium associated with walnut branch blight disease in China. Pathogens, 2023;12(7), 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070970
Bendejacq‐Seychelles A, Gibot‐Leclerc S, Guillemin JP, et al. Phytotoxic fungal secondary metabolites as herbicides. Pest Management Science, 2024;80(1), 92-102.
Yue B, Wang J, Liu S, et al. Efficient nitric oxide capture and reduction on Ni-loaded CHA zeolites. Green Energy & Environment, 2024;9(12), 1857-1865.
Chen GL, Fan MX, Wu JL et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids from lotus plumule. Food chemistry, 2019;277, 706-712.
Zhu X, Labianca C, He M, et al. Life-cycle assessment of pyrolysis processes for sustainable production of biochar from agro-residues. Bioresource technology, 2022;360, 127601.
Zhou G, Qiao L, Zhang X, et al. Fusaricates HK and fusolanones AB from a mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium solani HDN15-410. Phytochemistry, 2019;158, 13-19.
Sipiczki, M. Metschnikowia strains isolated from botrytized grapes antagonize fungal and bacterial growth by iron depletion. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2006;72(10), 6716-6724.
Jovetić S, Zhu Y, Marcone GL, et al. β-Lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics: first and last line of defense. Trends in biotechnology, 2010;28(12), 596-604.
Jamiołkowska, A., & Kopacki, M. Natural compounds against plant pests and pathogens. In: Egbuna, C., Sawicka, B. (Eds.), Natural remedies for pest, disease and weed control. San Diego: Academic Press; 2020. p. 55–63.
Pal, P., Ansari, S.A., Jalil, S.U., Ansari, M.I. Regulatory role of phytohormones in plant growth and development. In: Khan, M.I.R., Singh, A., Poór, P. (Eds.), Plant hormones in crop improvement. San Diego: Elsevier; 2023. p. 1–13.
Bogner CW, Kamdem RST, Sichtermann G, et al. Bioactive secondary metabolites with multiple activities from a fungal endophyte. Microbial Biotechnology, 2017;10:175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-
Rim SO, You YH, Yoon H, et al. Characterization of gibberellin biosynthetic gene cluster from Fusarium proliferatum. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2013;23(5), 623-629.
Ben Rhouma M, Kriaa M, Ben Nasr Y, et al. A new Endophytic Fusarium Oxysporum gibberellic acid: optimization of production using combined strategies of experimental designs and potency on tomato growth under stress condition. Biomed Research International, 2020;1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4587148
LeBlanc, N. Influence of plant diversity and perennial plant identity on Fusarium communities in soil. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. Retrieved August 14, 2025, from https://hdl.handle.net/11299/175529
Al-Ani, L.K.T. Secondary metabolites of non-pathogenic Fusarium: scope in agriculture. In: Singh, H.B., Keswani, C., Reddy, M.S., Sansinenea, E., García-Estrada, C. (Eds.), Secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019. p. 59–76.
Youmbi, A.K., Touzeau, S., Grognard, F., & Tsanou, B. Modelling of biological control strategies in a self-financing plantation. MPDEE 2025-Conference on Mathematical Population Dynamics, Ecology and Evolution, May 5–9, 2025, Bilbao, Spain. 2025.
Wijesundera RLC, Amarasekera AS, Yapa DND. Production of a siderophore by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 1995;23(3).
Almeida OAC, De Araujo NO, Mulato ATNet al. Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) promote growth and induce metabolic changes in rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2023;13:1056082. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1056082
Naznin HA, Kiyohara D, Kimura M, et al. Systemic resistance induced by volatile organic compounds emitted by plant growth-promoting fungi in Arabidopsis thaliana. Public Library of Science One, 2014;9:e86882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086882
Li N, Kang S. Do volatile compounds produced by Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae affect stress tolerance in plants?. Mycology, 2018;9(3), 166-175.
Minerdi D, Bossi S, Maffei ME, et al. Fusarium oxysporum and its bacterial consortium promote lettuce growth and expansin A5 gene expression through microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) emission. Federation European Microbiological Societes Microbiology Ecology, 2011;76(2), 342-351.
Son SW, Kim HY, Choi GJ, et al. Bikaverin and fusaric acid from Fusarium oxysporum show antioomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans. Journal of applied microbiology, 2008;104(3), 692-698.
Ebrahim W, Özkaya FC, Ebada SS. Antifungal metabolites from endophytic fungus Fusarium verticillioides strain WF18. South african journal of botany, 2020;133, 40-44.
Limón MC, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Avalos J. Bikaverin production and applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2010;87(1), 21-29.
Liang XA, Ma YM, Zhang HC, et al. A new helvolic acid derivative from an endophytic Fusarium sp. of Ficus carica. Natural Product Research, 2016;30(21), 2407-2412.
Kobayashı H, Sunaga R, Furıhata K, et al. Isolation and structures of an antifungal antibiotic, fusarielin A, and related compounds produced by a Fusarium sp. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1995;48(1), 42-52.
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