A Geoeconomic Perspective on Innovation and Development Cooperation: Türkiye and Azerbaijan
Özet
This study analyzes the education, technology and funding cooperation between Türkiye and Azerbaijan with references to the potentially restrictive development environment imposed by the new great power rivalry context. It is argued that under the current geoeconomic conditions, when security considerations has re-gained priority in the production and trade of technology, Türkiye and Azerbaijan might consider solidarity -rather than a narrow economic efficiency- as an indispensable principle while cooperating to meet each other’s needs in terms of innovation and development.
Referanslar
Aggarwal, V.K. and Reddie, A.W. (2025). New economic statecraft and global technology conflicts: the dilemma for middle powers. Business and Politics, 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/bap.2025.10011.
Author’s communication 1 (2025). On Türkiye’s petroleum demand structure. With an employee at the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
Author’s communication 2 (2025). On the positive impact of Azerbaijani students’ education in the Turkish universities. With an academic person at the Azerbaijan Oil and Industry University.
Avcı, C. (2024). Folklor ve Kültürel Güvenlik (II): Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 2040 Vizyon Belgesi’nin Sunduğu İmkânlar. Folklor Akademi Dergisi. Cilt:7, Sayı:3, 1260 – 1275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1553027.
Baldwin, D. A. (2020). Economic statecraft (New Edition). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Blackwill, R. D., & Harris, J. M. (2016). War by other means: Geoeconomics and statecraft. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Chow, P.C.Y. (2024a). The Shifting Paradigm of Global Trade in Technology. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_1.
Chow, P.C.Y. (2024b). Chip-Four Alliance for a Resilient Global Semiconductor Industry. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_9.
Çalkaya, M. (2022, May 9). Türkiye ile Azerbaycan ortak teknopark kuracak. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/teknofest/turkiye-ile-azerbaycan-ortak-teknopark-kuracak/2600440
Daily Sabah (30 June 2023). “Turkmenistan becomes 3rd country to receive Türkiye’s domestic car, Togg”. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/automotive/turkmenistan-becomes-3rd-country-to-receive-turkiyes-domestic-car-togg
Daily Sabah (5 November 2024). Togg for a horse: Erdoğan, Kyrgyz leader swap gifts. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/togg-for-a-horse-erdogan-kyrgyz-leader-swap-gifts
Deligöz, H. (2024a), US technological statecraft towards China. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 23 No. 2/3, pp. 85-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JITLP-10-2023-0059.
Deligöz, H. (2024b). Technological Restrictions, Industrial Policy, and High-Tech Industry’s Changing Strategies. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_3.
Deligöz, H. (2024c). International Political Contextuality and Development. Türk İdare Dergisi, June 2024, Issue 499, pp. 97-116. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4899567.
Draghi, M. (2024, September 17). Address by Mr. Draghi – Presentation of the report on the Future of European competitiveness – European Parliament – Strasbourg – 17 September 2024. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/fcbc7ada-213b-4679-83f7-69a4c2127a25_en?filename=Address%20by%20Mario%20Draghi%20at%20the%20Presentation%20of%20the%20report%20on%20the%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness.pdf
Edler, J. (2024). Technology Sovereignty of The EU: Needs, Concepts, Pıtfalls And Ways Forward. In Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovations forschung. DOI:https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-3394.
EIC (2021). Statement to accompany the launch of the full EIC. https://eic.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-03/EIC%20Advisory%20Board%20statement%20at%20launch%20of%20EIC_1.pdf
EC & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (2023). Joınt Communıcatıon To The European Parlıament, The European Councıl And The Councıl On “European Economıc Securıty Strategy” (20.6.2023). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023JC0020
EPDK (2023). Petroleum Market Annual Report 2023. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-107/yillik-sektor-raporu
Eurostat (2024). R&D expenditure. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure.
Foy, H. & L. Fisher (2025, Mart 19). EU to exclude US, UK and Turkey from €150bn rearmament fund. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/eb9e0ddc-8606-46f5-8758-a1b8beae14f1
Gowa, J. & Mansfield, E.D. (1993). Power Politics and International Trade. American Political Science Review, 87 (2): 408–420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2939050.
Güldogan, D. (2023, July 18). President Erdogan gifts Türkiye's 1st indigenous electric car to Qatari emir. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/president-erdogan-gifts-turkiyes-1st-indigenous-electric-car-to-qatari-emir/2948922
Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (Eds.) (2001). Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MFA (t.y.). Azerbaycan’ın Ekonomisi. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
Ocindex (2023). Global Organized Crime Index 2023. https://ocindex.net/report/2023/0-3-contents.html
Pashayeva, A. (2022). Karabağ'ın “Akıllı Şehir” Ve “Akıllı Köy”leri Hakkında. Ateş, H. (Ed.). Dirençli Şehirler İçin Vizyoner Yönetim. 24-27 Mart 2022 Kartepe Zirvesi Konferans Kitabı, s. 501-512).
Rehimov, R. (2024, January 22). Türkiye ile Azerbaycan arasındaki ticaret hacmi 2023'te 7,65 milyar dolar oldu. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiye-ile-azerbaycan-arasindaki-ticaret-hacmi-2023te-7-65-milyar-dolar-oldu/3115551#:~:text=Azerbaycan%2C%20%C4%B0talya%20ile%2015%2C68,35%20milyar%20dolarla%20Rusya%20oldu.
Sakarya Üniversitesi (2024). Azerbaycan’la Siber Güvenlik Alanında İşbirliği Görüşmesi. https://haber.sakarya.edu.tr/azerbaycanla-siber-guvenlik-alaninda-isbirligi-gorusmesi-h121519.html
SOFAZ (2025, January 1). Recent figures. https://www.oilfund.az/en/report-and-statistics/recent-figures
Soylu, R. (2025, January 6). Azerbaijan's state oil company to invest $7bn in Turkey. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/azerbaijan-oil-company-socar-invest-7bn-turkey
Sultansoy, S. (2023). Türkiye Yüzyılı’nda Bilim Teknoloji. Sosyal Politika. Year: 16, Issue: 46. pp.60-67.
TDT (2022, November 11). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 9. Zirvesi Semerkant Bildirisi. https://www.turkicstates.org/u/d/haberler/semerkant-bildirisi-2679-164.pdf
TDT (2024, November 6). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 11. Zirvesi Bişkek Bildirisi. https://turkicstates.org/u/d/temel_belgeler/5-tr-bis%CC%A7kek-deklarasyonu-nihai.pdf
Ticaret Bakanlığı (2019). Azerbaycan Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr (Acccess date:6/6/2020).
Ticaret Bakanlığı (2025). Azerbaycan Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5eb6749913b8767e5c4b1fcd/Azerbaycan_2024.pdf
Türk Yatırım Fonu Kuruluş Anlaşması, Resmi Gazete 13 Aralık 2023, Sayı: 32398. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/12/20231213-2.pdf
Şuşa Beyannamesi (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Arasında Müttefiklik İlişkileri Hakkında Şuşa Beyannamesi) (2021). https://www.tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/2021-06-15-Azaebaycan-SusaBeyannamesi.pdf
TCDB (n.d.). Azerbaycan'ın Ekonomisi. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
TPE (t.y.). Patent Tescillerinin Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu'na Başvuran Ülkelere Göre Dağılımı. https://webim.turkpatent.gov.tr/file/9f99bdc3-a9e9-4158-a26f-6f6823eba156?download
TPE-Türk Patent Enstitüsü (2018) ‘2018 Faaliyet Raporu.’ https://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/TURKPATENT/resources/temp/31D314B6-E387-4A2A-928B-D381F4CAB638.pdf;jsessionid=662C0200C4F8C439790E9101636160D1.
Trading Economics (n.d.). Credit rating. https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating (Accessed: July 20, 2025).
Turkicstates (n.d.). Türk Yatırım Fonu. https://www.turkicstates.org/tr/partner-detay/turk-yatirim-fonu
UNECE (2024). Azerbaijan economic overview. https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/Azerbaijan%20economic%20overview.pdf
Ünlü, A., Kabak, S. (2016), Türkiye ve Azerbaycan Ticaretinin Sürdürülebilirliği ve Ampirik Analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, CİEP Özel Sayısı, 962-985.
Yanık, T. (2021, March 9). Teknopark İstanbul Azerbaycan'da yüksek teknoloji parkı kurulmasına destek olacak. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/teknopark-istanbul-azerbaycanda-yuksek-teknoloji-parki-kurulmasina-destek-olacak/2169478
YTB- Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (2019) ‘YTB ve Azerbaycan Devlet İdarecilik Akademisi Arasında Eğitim İşbirliği Protokolü.’ https://www.ytb.gov.tr/haberler/ytb-ve-azerbaycan-devlet-idarecilik-akademisi-arasinda-egitim-isbirligi-protokolu.
WIPO (2023a). Intellectual property statistical country profile 2023: Azerbaijan. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/az.pdf
World Bank (2023). GDP per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
World Bank (2024). Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS
World Bank (2025). GDP per capita (current US$)-European Union. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=EU
Referanslar
Aggarwal, V.K. and Reddie, A.W. (2025). New economic statecraft and global technology conflicts: the dilemma for middle powers. Business and Politics, 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/bap.2025.10011.
Author’s communication 1 (2025). On Türkiye’s petroleum demand structure. With an employee at the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
Author’s communication 2 (2025). On the positive impact of Azerbaijani students’ education in the Turkish universities. With an academic person at the Azerbaijan Oil and Industry University.
Avcı, C. (2024). Folklor ve Kültürel Güvenlik (II): Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 2040 Vizyon Belgesi’nin Sunduğu İmkânlar. Folklor Akademi Dergisi. Cilt:7, Sayı:3, 1260 – 1275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1553027.
Baldwin, D. A. (2020). Economic statecraft (New Edition). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Blackwill, R. D., & Harris, J. M. (2016). War by other means: Geoeconomics and statecraft. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Chow, P.C.Y. (2024a). The Shifting Paradigm of Global Trade in Technology. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_1.
Chow, P.C.Y. (2024b). Chip-Four Alliance for a Resilient Global Semiconductor Industry. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_9.
Çalkaya, M. (2022, May 9). Türkiye ile Azerbaycan ortak teknopark kuracak. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/teknofest/turkiye-ile-azerbaycan-ortak-teknopark-kuracak/2600440
Daily Sabah (30 June 2023). “Turkmenistan becomes 3rd country to receive Türkiye’s domestic car, Togg”. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/automotive/turkmenistan-becomes-3rd-country-to-receive-turkiyes-domestic-car-togg
Daily Sabah (5 November 2024). Togg for a horse: Erdoğan, Kyrgyz leader swap gifts. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/togg-for-a-horse-erdogan-kyrgyz-leader-swap-gifts
Deligöz, H. (2024a), US technological statecraft towards China. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 23 No. 2/3, pp. 85-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JITLP-10-2023-0059.
Deligöz, H. (2024b). Technological Restrictions, Industrial Policy, and High-Tech Industry’s Changing Strategies. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Palgrave Studies in Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_3.
Deligöz, H. (2024c). International Political Contextuality and Development. Türk İdare Dergisi, June 2024, Issue 499, pp. 97-116. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4899567.
Draghi, M. (2024, September 17). Address by Mr. Draghi – Presentation of the report on the Future of European competitiveness – European Parliament – Strasbourg – 17 September 2024. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/fcbc7ada-213b-4679-83f7-69a4c2127a25_en?filename=Address%20by%20Mario%20Draghi%20at%20the%20Presentation%20of%20the%20report%20on%20the%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness.pdf
Edler, J. (2024). Technology Sovereignty of The EU: Needs, Concepts, Pıtfalls And Ways Forward. In Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovations forschung. DOI:https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-3394.
EIC (2021). Statement to accompany the launch of the full EIC. https://eic.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-03/EIC%20Advisory%20Board%20statement%20at%20launch%20of%20EIC_1.pdf
EC & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (2023). Joınt Communıcatıon To The European Parlıament, The European Councıl And The Councıl On “European Economıc Securıty Strategy” (20.6.2023). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023JC0020
EPDK (2023). Petroleum Market Annual Report 2023. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-107/yillik-sektor-raporu
Eurostat (2024). R&D expenditure. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure.
Foy, H. & L. Fisher (2025, Mart 19). EU to exclude US, UK and Turkey from €150bn rearmament fund. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/eb9e0ddc-8606-46f5-8758-a1b8beae14f1
Gowa, J. & Mansfield, E.D. (1993). Power Politics and International Trade. American Political Science Review, 87 (2): 408–420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2939050.
Güldogan, D. (2023, July 18). President Erdogan gifts Türkiye's 1st indigenous electric car to Qatari emir. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/president-erdogan-gifts-turkiyes-1st-indigenous-electric-car-to-qatari-emir/2948922
Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (Eds.) (2001). Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MFA (t.y.). Azerbaycan’ın Ekonomisi. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
Ocindex (2023). Global Organized Crime Index 2023. https://ocindex.net/report/2023/0-3-contents.html
Pashayeva, A. (2022). Karabağ'ın “Akıllı Şehir” Ve “Akıllı Köy”leri Hakkında. Ateş, H. (Ed.). Dirençli Şehirler İçin Vizyoner Yönetim. 24-27 Mart 2022 Kartepe Zirvesi Konferans Kitabı, s. 501-512).
Rehimov, R. (2024, January 22). Türkiye ile Azerbaycan arasındaki ticaret hacmi 2023'te 7,65 milyar dolar oldu. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiye-ile-azerbaycan-arasindaki-ticaret-hacmi-2023te-7-65-milyar-dolar-oldu/3115551#:~:text=Azerbaycan%2C%20%C4%B0talya%20ile%2015%2C68,35%20milyar%20dolarla%20Rusya%20oldu.
Sakarya Üniversitesi (2024). Azerbaycan’la Siber Güvenlik Alanında İşbirliği Görüşmesi. https://haber.sakarya.edu.tr/azerbaycanla-siber-guvenlik-alaninda-isbirligi-gorusmesi-h121519.html
SOFAZ (2025, January 1). Recent figures. https://www.oilfund.az/en/report-and-statistics/recent-figures
Soylu, R. (2025, January 6). Azerbaijan's state oil company to invest $7bn in Turkey. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/azerbaijan-oil-company-socar-invest-7bn-turkey
Sultansoy, S. (2023). Türkiye Yüzyılı’nda Bilim Teknoloji. Sosyal Politika. Year: 16, Issue: 46. pp.60-67.
TDT (2022, November 11). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 9. Zirvesi Semerkant Bildirisi. https://www.turkicstates.org/u/d/haberler/semerkant-bildirisi-2679-164.pdf
TDT (2024, November 6). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı 11. Zirvesi Bişkek Bildirisi. https://turkicstates.org/u/d/temel_belgeler/5-tr-bis%CC%A7kek-deklarasyonu-nihai.pdf
Ticaret Bakanlığı (2019). Azerbaycan Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr (Acccess date:6/6/2020).
Ticaret Bakanlığı (2025). Azerbaycan Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5eb6749913b8767e5c4b1fcd/Azerbaycan_2024.pdf
Türk Yatırım Fonu Kuruluş Anlaşması, Resmi Gazete 13 Aralık 2023, Sayı: 32398. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/12/20231213-2.pdf
Şuşa Beyannamesi (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Arasında Müttefiklik İlişkileri Hakkında Şuşa Beyannamesi) (2021). https://www.tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/2021-06-15-Azaebaycan-SusaBeyannamesi.pdf
TCDB (n.d.). Azerbaycan'ın Ekonomisi. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
TPE (t.y.). Patent Tescillerinin Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu'na Başvuran Ülkelere Göre Dağılımı. https://webim.turkpatent.gov.tr/file/9f99bdc3-a9e9-4158-a26f-6f6823eba156?download
TPE-Türk Patent Enstitüsü (2018) ‘2018 Faaliyet Raporu.’ https://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/TURKPATENT/resources/temp/31D314B6-E387-4A2A-928B-D381F4CAB638.pdf;jsessionid=662C0200C4F8C439790E9101636160D1.
Trading Economics (n.d.). Credit rating. https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating (Accessed: July 20, 2025).
Turkicstates (n.d.). Türk Yatırım Fonu. https://www.turkicstates.org/tr/partner-detay/turk-yatirim-fonu
UNECE (2024). Azerbaijan economic overview. https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/Azerbaijan%20economic%20overview.pdf
Ünlü, A., Kabak, S. (2016), Türkiye ve Azerbaycan Ticaretinin Sürdürülebilirliği ve Ampirik Analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, CİEP Özel Sayısı, 962-985.
Yanık, T. (2021, March 9). Teknopark İstanbul Azerbaycan'da yüksek teknoloji parkı kurulmasına destek olacak. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/teknopark-istanbul-azerbaycanda-yuksek-teknoloji-parki-kurulmasina-destek-olacak/2169478
YTB- Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (2019) ‘YTB ve Azerbaycan Devlet İdarecilik Akademisi Arasında Eğitim İşbirliği Protokolü.’ https://www.ytb.gov.tr/haberler/ytb-ve-azerbaycan-devlet-idarecilik-akademisi-arasinda-egitim-isbirligi-protokolu.
WIPO (2023a). Intellectual property statistical country profile 2023: Azerbaijan. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/az.pdf
World Bank (2023). GDP per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
World Bank (2024). Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS
World Bank (2025). GDP per capita (current US$)-European Union. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=EU
