Zoonozların Ortaya Çıkışında Yaban Hayatı ve Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin Rolü

Özet

Yeni ve/veya yeniden ortaya çıkan/önem kazanan hastalıklar (EID; Emerging Infectious Diseases) yaşadığımız yüzyılda insan refahına karşı en önemli tehditlerden birini oluşturmaktadır. EID’in yaklaşık %60’ı ise zoonoz bir nitelik göstermektedir. Araştırmalar son 50 yılda EID vakalarında artış meydana geldiğine ve bu olguların da yaklaşık %70’inin yaban hayatından köken aldığına işaret etmektedir. Kentleşme ve tarım gibi ormansızlaşmaya yol açan faaliyetler yaban hayatı habitatına zarar vererek bu hastalıkların ortaya çıkma olasılıklarını artırmaktadır. Habitatın parçalanması hem biyoçeşitlilik kaybına yol açmakta hem de yaban hayatı ile insan ve evcil hayvanların temas ihtimallerini yükseltmektedir. Biyoçeşitlilik kaybı ve yaban hayvanlarının ekosistem içindeki dengelerinin bozulması, yaban hayatı kökenli zoonozların bulaşma ve yayılma riskini önemli oranda artırmaktadır. Bu sorunun çözümü, “insan-hayvan-çevre” sağlığını bir bütün olarak ele alan holistik bir yaklaşımla mümkün olabilecektir. Bu bölümde yaban hayatından kaynaklanan zoonozların ortaya çıkış nedenleri, biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybının problemi nasıl etkilediği ve çözüm önerileri üzerinde durulacaktır.

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