Mikotoksinler
Özet
Mikotoksinler, başta Aspergillus, Penicillium ve Fusarium olmak üzere çeşitli küf türleri tarafından sentezlenen, ısıya dayanıklı ve düşük molekül ağırlıklı toksik sekonder metabolitlerdir. Bu bileşikler hem insan hem de hayvan sağlığı üzerinde akut veya kronik toksik etkiler gösterebilir. Özellikle mısır, buğday, arpa, yer fıstığı, fındık ve kuru meyveler gibi tarımsal ürünlerde tarlada, hasat sırasında veya yetersiz depolama koşullarında gelişen küfler aracılığıyla oluşurlar. Mikotoksinlerin gözle görülmemesi ve pişirme gibi işlemlerle yok edilememesi, onları sinsi ve tehlikeli bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline getirir. Aflatoksin B₁, okratoksin A, zearalenon, deoksinivalenol ve fumonisinler en yaygın ve tehlikeli mikotoksinler arasında yer alır. Bu toksinler; karaciğer, böbrek, bağışıklık ve üreme sistemlerinde ciddi hasarlara yol açabilir, bazıları ise karsinojeniktir. Mikotoksinler doğrudan kontamine ürünlerle veya hayvanlar yoluyla dolaylı olarak insanlara geçebilir. Örneğin, aflatoksin B₁ ile beslenen hayvanların sütünde aflatoksin M₁ tespit edilebilir. Mikotoksinlerle mücadelede iyi tarım uygulamaları, uygun hasat ve depolama koşulları, mikotoksin bağlayıcı maddeler ve düzenli analizler büyük önem taşır. Gıda güvenliğini sağlamak için yasal sınırlar belirlenmiş ve izleme sistemleri geliştirilmiştir.
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