Karma Yem Üretiminde Kullanılan Hammaddeler ve Üretim Süreçleri

Gružauskas R, Kudlinskienė I, Stanytė G. et. al. The potential of native raw materials in the animal nutrition and its effects on the production quality: a review. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 2016;73(095).

Śmiglak-Krajewska M. Determinants of the selection of raw materials used in animal feed production. Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists, 2020;22(2): 191-199.

Peleg K. Grain Storage: The Role of Silo Design in Preventing Quality Loss. 1985;CRC Press.

Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ, van der Poel AFB. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3. Storage stability. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997;66(4): 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01063-4

Campabadal C, McNeill S, Maier D. Handling and Storage of Feed Ingredients. Kansas State University, Feed Manufacturing Guide; 2007.

FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. (rd Edition); 20103.

Rosentrater KA, Hill LD. Storage and Handling of Grains and Oilseeds. In Handbook of Farm, Dairy and Food Machinery Engineering (2nd ed.). Academic Press; 2021.

Zhang LD, Chen X, Liu H. et. al. Experiment and simulation research of storage for small grain steel silo. International Journal of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 2016;9(3); 170–178. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20160903.1946

Maraveas C. Concrete Silos: Failures, Design Issues and Repair/Strengthening Methods. Applied Sciences, 2020;10(11): 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113938

Huang X, Zheng Q, Liu D. et. al. A design method of hopper shape optimization with improved mass flow pattern and reduced particle segregation. Chemical Engineering Science, 2022:253, 117579.

Irvine SK, Fullard LA, Holland DJ. et. al. The μ(I) model and extensions applied to granular material in silo with inserts. arXiv. 2023;https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.12550

Murthy BGK. Silos for Cement and Other Industries: Design and Construction. 2025;BS Publications.

Cheeke PR. Applied animal nutrition: Feeds and feeding (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall; 1999.

NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th rev. ed.). National Academies Press; 2001.

Kellems RO, Church DC. Livestock Feeds and Feeding (6th ed.). Pearson; 2010.

FAO. Animal feed resources information system (AFRIS). 2012;Retrieved from http://www.fao.org

McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD. et. al. Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited; 2011.

AAFCO. Official publication. Association of American FeedControl Officials; 2000 .

Feedipedia. Animal feed resources information system. 2023;Retrieved from https://www.feedipedia.org

Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. The mineral nutrition of livestock (3rd ed.). CABI Publishing; 1999.

Fick KR, Ward GM. Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI Publishing; 2000.

McDowell LR. Minerals in animal and human nutrition (2nd ed.). 2003;Elsevier Science.

NRC (National Research Council). Mineral tolerance of animals (2nd rev. ed.). National Academies Press; 2005.

Goff JP. Mineral physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2006;22(2): 271–293.

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamins and minerals as feed additives for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 2021;19(3): 6452.

İpçak HH, Özüretmen S, Alçiçek. Possible usage of alternative protein sources in animal nutrition. Journal of Animal Production, 2018; 59(1): 51-58

Akdeniz RC, Ak İ, Boyar S. Türkiye Karma Yem Endüstrisi ve Sorunları. 2005;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serkan-Boyar/publication/334626762_Turkiye_Karma_Yem_Endustrisi_ve_Sorunlari/links/5d3ffbaba6fdcc370a6bd6c2/Tuerkiye-Karma-Yem-Enduestrisi-ve-Sorunlari.pdf (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Karadağ E, Okur AA. Nutrient contents of some food industry by-products and their usage possibilities as alternative feed raw materials in animal nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2022;10(11): 2180-2187.

Wiseman J. Fats in animal nutrition. Butterworths;1984.

Kleinschmidt T, Palmquist DL. Passage of fatty acids through the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 1990;73(9): 2771-2783.

Doreau M, Chilliard Y. Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. British Journal of Nutrition, 1997;78(1): S15-S35.

Bauman DE, Griinari JM. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2003;23(1): 203-227.

Van Soest PJ. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press;1994.

Mertens DR. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 1997;80(7): 1463-1481.

Allen MS. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 2000;83(7): 1598-1624.

NRC. Nutrient requirements of swine (10th ed.). National Academies Press;1998.

Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 1998;7(1): 25-33.

Keller MD, Brözel VS. Acidifiers in animal nutrition: A review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2006;5(7): 501-507.

Lucke A, Olstorpe M, Schnürer J. Formic and propionic acid treatment of feed grain—Improved preservation and reduced mycotoxin contamination. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2016;96(11): 3628–3634.

Resmi Gazete. 5996 Sayılı Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanunu. 2010;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5996.pdf

Resmi Gazete. Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 2011; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111227-11.htm (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Kearney CM. Feed safety: Understanding and implementing feed hygiene regulations. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010;159(1-2): 1-14.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Guidance document on residues in livestock feed. OECD Publishing;2012.

van der Poel AFB, Thomas M, Smits CHM. Review: Physical and chemical changes during processing of feeds and its effects on feed quality and digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018;245, 1-15.

T. C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Yem Sektörü İçin İyi Üretim Uygulamaları ve Yem Hijyeni 2023;Kılavuzu https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konu/1307/Yem-Sektoru-icin-iyi-uretim-uygulamalari-Yem-Hijyeni-Kilavuzu. (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Akbay KC, Ak İ. Karma Yem Teknolojisindeki Gelişmelerin Karma Yem Kalitesine ve Yem Değerine Etkileri. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;32(2): 175-188.

AFEC Animal feed-European Commission. 2025;https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/animal-feed_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Matuszek DB, Królczyk JB. Aspects of safety in production of feeds–a review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2017;17(2): 367-385.

Cooke B C. The industrial production of safe animal feeds in Europe. Food safety assurance in the pre-harvest phase, 2002;1, 71.

Alkhafaji M, Herrera R. A study of implementation food safety management system ISO 22000 in local food products company. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 2021;8(4): 13511-13527.

Kılıç A. Yem teknolojileri ve yeni üretim trendleri. 2020;Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(4): 417-423.

Budağ C. Yem Fabrikalarında Hijyen Sorunu ve Zoonoz Hastalıklar. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2011;1(2): 141-154.

Whittemore CT, Kyriazakis I. Whittemore's Science and Practice of Pig Production, (3rd ed.) Blackwell Publishing;2006.

Makkar,HPS, Tran G, Heuzé V. et. al. (). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014;197, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci. (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Milani M, Milani B. Meta-Sezgisel Optimizasyon Yöntemlerine Dayalı bir Rasyon Hazırlama Modeli. Electronic Letters on Science and Engineering, 2022;18(2): 97-104.

IFIF. Annual Report. International Feed Industry Federation. 2023;https://annualreport.ifif.org/

Skoch ER, Behnke KC, Deyoe CW. et. al. The effect of steam-conditioning rate on the pelleting process. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1981;6(1): 83-90.

Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ, van der Poel AFB. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 1. Criteria for pellet quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998;61(1-4): 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)00949-2.

Briggs JL, Maier DE, Watkins BA. et. al. Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poultry Science, 1999;78(10): 1464–1471. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.10.1464

Ryu GH, Ng PKW. Effects of selected process parameters on expansion and mechanical properties of wheat flour extrudates processed by a twin-screw extruder. Food Research International, 2001;34(8): 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00091-9

Kutz RE, Behnke KC, Hancock JD. et. al. Effects of high-temperature conditioning and feed form on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2004;82(5): 1503–1512. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8251503x

Peisker M. Manufacturing of feed: Pelleting and expansion. Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, 2006;22, 457–466.

Ali M, Ivarsson E, Lindberg JE. Influence of pelleting and storage on dietary fibre composition and digestibility in pigs. Livestock Science, 2009;123(2-3): 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.11.015

Kalmar, ID, Cools A, Janssens GPJ. Extrusion processing of dietary fibres affects their fermentability in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011;169(3-4): 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.003

Fahrenholz AC. Evaluating factors affecting pellet durability and energy consumption in a pilot feed mill and comparing methods for evaluating pellet durability. North Carolina State University, Doctoral dissertation;2012.

Abdollahi MR, Svihus B, Ravindran V. Pelleting of broiler diets: An overview with emphasis on pellet quality and nutritional value. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013;179(1-4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.011

Iskakov R, Gulyarenko A, Bembenek M. et. al. Technologies for efficient grinding of plant and animal waste: a review. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2025 (2): 54-77.

Balami AA, Adgidzi D, Mua’zu A. (). Development and testing of an animal feed mixing machine. International Journal of Basics and Applied Sciences, 2013;1(3): 491-503.

Micheal AB, Nartey AI, Yaw OG. et. al. Performance evaluation of mechanical feed mixers using machine parameters, operational parameters and feed characteristics in Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions, Ghana. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2021;60, 4905-4918.

Paulk CB, Stark CR, Dunmire KM. Feed Processing Technology and quality of feed. Sustainable Swine Nutrition, 2022;429-444.

Benders RT, Dijksman JA, Bastiaansen TM. et. al. Palatable pellets--a fundamental framework to produce sustainable pellets via extrusion. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2025;2504.04838.

Chu RC, Simons RE, Ellsworth MJ. et. al. Review of cooling technologies for computer products. IEEE Transactions on Device and materials Reliability, 2005:4(4): 568-585.

Van't Land CM. Drying in the process industry. 2011;John Wiley & Sons.

Lu X, Zhao D, Ma T, Wang Q. et. al. Thermal resistance matching for thermoelectric cooling systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018;169, 186-193.

Alam MS, Kaur J, Khaira H. Extrusion and extruded products: changes in quality attributes as affected by extrusion process parameters: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2016;56(3): 445-473.

Offiah V, Kontogiorgos V, Falade KO. Extrusion processing of raw food materials and by-products: A review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2019;59(18): 2979-2998.

Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D. et. al. Application of extrusion technology in plant food processing byproducts: An overview. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2020;19(1): 218-246.

Rokey GJ, Plattner B, Souza EMD. Feed extrusion process description. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2010;39, 510-518.

Manojlović V, Nedović VA, Kailasapathy K. et. al. Encapsulation of probiotics for use in food products. Encapsulation technologies for active food ingredients and food processing, 2010;269-302.

Lamichhane S, Sahtout K, Smillie J. Encapsulation of probiotics for use in food products. Vacuum coating of pelleted feed for broilers: opportunities and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015;200, 1-7.

McKeen LW. Fluorinated coatings and finishes handbook: The definitive user's guide. William Andrew;2015.

Bogomolov IS, Afanasyev VA, Ostrikov AN. Encapsulation of probiotics for use in food products. The choice of rational modes of vacuum deposition of fatty components in the preparation of feed for valuable fish species. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2022 ;(Vol. 1052, No. 1, p. 012090).

Uylaşer V, Yönel SP, Savaş E. Doğal Antimikrobiyal Bir Bileşik: Bakteriyosin. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, 2008;(10): 22-30.

Konak Üİ, Karakaş B, Certel M. et. al. Katı Faz Fermentasyon Yöntemi ile Enzim Üretimi. Akademik Gıda, 2012;10(3): 84-92.

Karademir G, Karademir B. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürünler (derleme). Lalahan hayvancılık araştırma enstitüsü dergisi, 2003;43(1): 61-74.

Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ, van der Poel AFB. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3. Storage stability. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997;66(4): 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01063-4

Jones FT, Richardson KE. Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds. Poultry Science, 2004;83(3): 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.3.38

Kaliyan N, Morey RV. Factors affecting storage and handling of densified feed products. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2009;25(3): 391–399. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.27397

Alltech. Global Feed Survey 2023. Alltech Inc.

Den Hartog LA, Sijtsma R. Challenges and opportunities in animal feed and nutrition. In Eleventh World Conference on Animal Production;2013.

Csikai A. Opportunities of integrating supply chain quality management and product development with formulation systems in compound feed manufacturing. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2011;3(2): 82-88.

Feigenbaum AV. Total quality control. New York, 12; 1991.

Yılmaz P, Duru AA. Karma yemlerde kullanılan bazı yem hammaddelerinin mikroskopisi. In 5th International Conference on Applied Engineering and Natural Sciences; 2023.

Habil UMUR, Altınçekiç E, Oral HH. et. al. Yemlerin kalite kontrolünde mikroskopik analiz tekniğinin kullanım alanları. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, 2022;(27): 1-12.

FAO. Animal Feed Safety and Quality: Feed Manufacturing Guidelines. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2019.

Abdollahi MR, Svihus B, Ravindran V. Pelleting of broiler diets: An overview with emphasis on pellet quality and nutritional value. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013;179(1-4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.011

Farha AS Hussein AO. Effect of die length, moisture content and particle size on some mechanical and physical properties of poultry feed pellet. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences;, 2023;14 (3): 201-211.

İnce M. Kırşehir'de satışı yapılan bazı pelet yemlerin kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Master's thesis), Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Türkiye; 2023.

EFSA. Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamins and minerals as feed additives for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 2021;19(3): 6452.

Corson D, Waghorn GC, Ulyatt MJ. et. al. NIRS: Forage analysis and livestock feeding. In Proceedings of the Conference-New Zealand Grassland Association (pp. 127-132): 1999.

Balaji N. Laboratory assessment for effective quality control of raw materials. SR Publications. 2022.

Verma S, Sharma P. Challenges in feed quality control: Adulteration, variability and analytical limitations. Journal of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, 2023;10(2):112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janfs.2023.112120

Gündoğdu ZMG, Kale ÖÜÇ. Türkiye Ve Dünya’da Karma Yem Sektörü. Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Uluslararası Akademik Çalışmalar ve Teorik Bilgiler-III.; 2021.

Özek K. Balıkesir İli Karma Yem Üretimi ve Karma Yem Fabrikalarının Mevcut Durumları. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2020;10(2): 1438-1448.

Gružauskas R, Kudlinskienė I, Stanytė G. et. al. The potential of native raw materials in the animal nutrition and its effects on the production quality: a review. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 2016;73(095).

Śmiglak-Krajewska M. Determinants of the selection of raw materials used in animal feed production. Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists, 2020;22(2): 191-199.

Peleg K. Grain Storage: The Role of Silo Design in Preventing Quality Loss. 1985;CRC Press.

Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ, van der Poel AFB. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3. Storage stability. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997;66(4): 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01063-4

Campabadal C, McNeill S, Maier D. Handling and Storage of Feed Ingredients. Kansas State University, Feed Manufacturing Guide; 2007.

FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. (rd Edition); 20103.

Rosentrater KA, Hill LD. Storage and Handling of Grains and Oilseeds. In Handbook of Farm, Dairy and Food Machinery Engineering (2nd ed.). Academic Press; 2021.

Zhang LD, Chen X, Liu H. et. al. Experiment and simulation research of storage for small grain steel silo. International Journal of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 2016;9(3); 170–178. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20160903.1946

Maraveas C. Concrete Silos: Failures, Design Issues and Repair/Strengthening Methods. Applied Sciences, 2020;10(11): 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113938

Huang X, Zheng Q, Liu D. et. al. A design method of hopper shape optimization with improved mass flow pattern and reduced particle segregation. Chemical Engineering Science, 2022:253, 117579.

Irvine SK, Fullard LA, Holland DJ. et. al. The μ(I) model and extensions applied to granular material in silo with inserts. arXiv. 2023;https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.12550

Murthy BGK. Silos for Cement and Other Industries: Design and Construction. 2025;BS Publications.

Cheeke PR. Applied animal nutrition: Feeds and feeding (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall; 1999.

NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th rev. ed.). National Academies Press; 2001.

Kellems RO, Church DC. Livestock Feeds and Feeding (6th ed.). Pearson; 2010.

FAO. Animal feed resources information system (AFRIS). 2012;Retrieved from http://www.fao.org

McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD. et. al. Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited; 2011.

AAFCO. Official publication. Association of American FeedControl Officials; 2000 .

Feedipedia. Animal feed resources information system. 2023;Retrieved from https://www.feedipedia.org

Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. The mineral nutrition of livestock (3rd ed.). CABI Publishing; 1999.

Fick KR, Ward GM. Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI Publishing; 2000.

McDowell LR. Minerals in animal and human nutrition (2nd ed.). 2003;Elsevier Science.

NRC (National Research Council). Mineral tolerance of animals (2nd rev. ed.). National Academies Press; 2005.

Goff JP. Mineral physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2006;22(2): 271–293.

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamins and minerals as feed additives for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 2021;19(3): 6452.

İpçak HH, Özüretmen S, Alçiçek. Possible usage of alternative protein sources in animal nutrition. Journal of Animal Production, 2018; 59(1): 51-58

Akdeniz RC, Ak İ, Boyar S. Türkiye Karma Yem Endüstrisi ve Sorunları. 2005;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serkan-Boyar/publication/334626762_Turkiye_Karma_Yem_Endustrisi_ve_Sorunlari/links/5d3ffbaba6fdcc370a6bd6c2/Tuerkiye-Karma-Yem-Enduestrisi-ve-Sorunlari.pdf (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Karadağ E, Okur AA. Nutrient contents of some food industry by-products and their usage possibilities as alternative feed raw materials in animal nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2022;10(11): 2180-2187.

Wiseman J. Fats in animal nutrition. Butterworths;1984.

Kleinschmidt T, Palmquist DL. Passage of fatty acids through the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 1990;73(9): 2771-2783.

Doreau M, Chilliard Y. Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. British Journal of Nutrition, 1997;78(1): S15-S35.

Bauman DE, Griinari JM. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2003;23(1): 203-227.

Van Soest PJ. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press;1994.

Mertens DR. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 1997;80(7): 1463-1481.

Allen MS. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 2000;83(7): 1598-1624.

NRC. Nutrient requirements of swine (10th ed.). National Academies Press;1998.

Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 1998;7(1): 25-33.

Keller MD, Brözel VS. Acidifiers in animal nutrition: A review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2006;5(7): 501-507.

Lucke A, Olstorpe M, Schnürer J. Formic and propionic acid treatment of feed grain—Improved preservation and reduced mycotoxin contamination. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2016;96(11): 3628–3634.

Resmi Gazete. 5996 Sayılı Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanunu. 2010;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5996.pdf

Resmi Gazete. Yem Hijyeni Yönetmeliği, 2011; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111227-11.htm (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Kearney CM. Feed safety: Understanding and implementing feed hygiene regulations. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010;159(1-2): 1-14.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Guidance document on residues in livestock feed. OECD Publishing;2012.

van der Poel AFB, Thomas M, Smits CHM. Review: Physical and chemical changes during processing of feeds and its effects on feed quality and digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018;245, 1-15.

T. C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Yem Sektörü İçin İyi Üretim Uygulamaları ve Yem Hijyeni 2023;Kılavuzu https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konu/1307/Yem-Sektoru-icin-iyi-uretim-uygulamalari-Yem-Hijyeni-Kilavuzu. (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Akbay KC, Ak İ. Karma Yem Teknolojisindeki Gelişmelerin Karma Yem Kalitesine ve Yem Değerine Etkileri. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;32(2): 175-188.

AFEC Animal feed-European Commission. 2025;https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/animal-feed_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Matuszek DB, Królczyk JB. Aspects of safety in production of feeds–a review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2017;17(2): 367-385.

Cooke B C. The industrial production of safe animal feeds in Europe. Food safety assurance in the pre-harvest phase, 2002;1, 71.

Alkhafaji M, Herrera R. A study of implementation food safety management system ISO 22000 in local food products company. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 2021;8(4): 13511-13527.

Kılıç A. Yem teknolojileri ve yeni üretim trendleri. 2020;Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(4): 417-423.

Budağ C. Yem Fabrikalarında Hijyen Sorunu ve Zoonoz Hastalıklar. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2011;1(2): 141-154.

Whittemore CT, Kyriazakis I. Whittemore's Science and Practice of Pig Production, (3rd ed.) Blackwell Publishing;2006.

Makkar,HPS, Tran G, Heuzé V. et. al. (). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014;197, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci. (Erişim 20 Nisan 2025).

Milani M, Milani B. Meta-Sezgisel Optimizasyon Yöntemlerine Dayalı bir Rasyon Hazırlama Modeli. Electronic Letters on Science and Engineering, 2022;18(2): 97-104.

IFIF. Annual Report. International Feed Industry Federation. 2023;https://annualreport.ifif.org/

Skoch ER, Behnke KC, Deyoe CW. et. al. The effect of steam-conditioning rate on the pelleting process. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1981;6(1): 83-90.

Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ, van der Poel AFB. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 1. Criteria for pellet quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998;61(1-4): 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)00949-2.

Briggs JL, Maier DE, Watkins BA. et. al. Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poultry Science, 1999;78(10): 1464–1471. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.10.1464

Ryu GH, Ng PKW. Effects of selected process parameters on expansion and mechanical properties of wheat flour extrudates processed by a twin-screw extruder. Food Research International, 2001;34(8): 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00091-9

Kutz RE, Behnke KC, Hancock JD. et. al. Effects of high-temperature conditioning and feed form on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2004;82(5): 1503–1512. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8251503x

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