Yemlerin Depolanması
Özet
Yemlerin depolanması, hayvansal üretimde verimliliğin, gıda güvenliğinin ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğin temel belirleyicilerinden biridir. Uygun koşullar sağlanmadığında küf ve mikotoksin oluşumu, böcek ve kemirgen zararları, besin kayıpları ve bozulmalar kaçınılmaz hale gelir. Bu durum yalnızca yem kalitesini düşürmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda hayvan sağlığını ve dolayısıyla elde edilen ürünlerin güvenilirliğini de tehdit eder. Depolama yöntemleri arasında silolar, balya ve torba sistemleri, soğuk depolar ve modern plastik bazlı çözümler yer alır. Günümüzde gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte sensörler, otomatik havalandırma sistemleri ve Yapay zekâ (YZ) destekli izleme yöntemleri yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu sistemler, depolama sırasında oluşabilecek riskleri önceden tespit ederek kayıpları azaltır ve yem değerinin korunmasını sağlar. Koruyucu önlemler kapsamında düzenli kalite kontrolleri, uygun nem ve sıcaklık yönetimi, oksidatif bozulmayı önleyen katkılar ve biyolojik denetim uygulamaları önem taşır. Gelecekte yem depolamanın dijitalleşme, enerji verimliliği ve sürdürülebilirlik ekseninde daha güvenli ve ekonomik bir yapıya kavuşması beklenmektedir. Bu bütüncül yaklaşım hem üreticinin kârlılığını hem de hayvansal üretimin güvenilirliğini artırmaktadır.
Referanslar
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Van Der Poel, A. V., Abdollahi, M. R., et al., (2020). Future directions of animal feed technology research to meet the challenges of a changing world. Animal feed science and technology, 270, 114692.
Manandhar, A., Milindi, P. & Shah, A., 2018. An Overview of the Post-Harvest Grain Storage Practices of Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries. Agriculture, 8(4): 57. (https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8040057) (Erişim tarihi: Ağustos 2025)
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Kılıç, Ü. Yem Sektöründe İzlenebilirlik. International Multilingual Jorurnal of Science and Technology, 5(12); 2197-2002.
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Rotz, C. A., & Muck, R. E. (1994). Changes in forage quality during harvest and storage. Forage quality, evaluation, and utilization, 828-868.
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Kellems, R. O., & Church, D. C. (2002). Livestock feeds and feeding (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Polat, H. (2015). Effects of different storage conditions on the nutritional qualities of barley and maize. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(2), 246-255.
McCalmont, J. R. (1948). Silos: Types and Construction (No. 1820). US Government Printing Office.
Savoie, P., & Jofriet, J. C. (2003). Silage storage. Silage science and technology, 42, 405-467.
EA Maksoud El-Domany, T. (2023). Silos Engineering. International Journal of Advances Engineering and Civil Research, 3(1), 67-99.
Maraveas, C. (2020). Concrete silos: Failures, design issues and repair/strengthening methods. Applied Sciences, 10(11), 3938.
Kasee, S., & Thianbulra, C. (2018). Evaluatıon of a methodology for ımprovıng the warehousıng of anımal feed. Kasem Bundit Engineering Journal, 8, 1-13.
Fernandez-Ahumada, E., Roger, J. M., Palagos, B., et al., (2010). Multivariate near-infrared reflection spectroscopy strategies for ensuring correct labeling at feed bagging in the animal feed industry. Applied spectroscopy, 64(1), 83-91.
Wan, Q., Wang, D., Wang, G., et al., (2014). Design and experiment of self-propelled grass silage combined bagging machine. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(19), 30-37.
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Referanslar
Şamlı, H. E., & Onarbay, O. N. (2011). Farklı depolama şartlarının bazı protein kaynaklı yem hammaddelerinin özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 40-45.
Mobashar, M. (2023). Mycotoxins incidence in animal feeds, their prevention and control measures. One health triad, 2, 242-250.
Garcia-Rodriguez, V., Lopez-Lopez, J., & Perez-Lopez, E. et al., (2024). Optimizing silage strategies for sustainable livestock feed: Preserving retail food waste. Agriculture, 14(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010122.
Basmacıoğlu, H., & Ergül, M. (2003). Yemlerde bulunan toksinler ve kontrol yolları. Journal of Animal Production, 44(1).
Budağ, C. (2011). Van'da Bulunan Yem Fabrikalarının Üretim Durumları ve Sorunları. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(2), 59-66.
Van Der Poel, A. V., Abdollahi, M. R., et al., (2020). Future directions of animal feed technology research to meet the challenges of a changing world. Animal feed science and technology, 270, 114692.
Manandhar, A., Milindi, P. & Shah, A., 2018. An Overview of the Post-Harvest Grain Storage Practices of Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries. Agriculture, 8(4): 57. (https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8040057) (Erişim tarihi: Ağustos 2025)
FAO & IFIF. 2020. Good practices for the feed sector: Implementing the Codex Alimentarius Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 92 pp. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/cb1761en/cb1761en.pdf [Accessed: 24 Aug 2025]
Dudarev І, U. S., Yakovenko А, M. V., & Korolkova, M. (2022). Analysis of factors of influence on the quality of compound feed during its storage. lib.osau.edu.ua
Galata, R. D., & Haramaya, E. (2023). Conservation, Preservation, and Storage of Feed for different animals. academia.edu.
Navarro, S. & Noyes, R.T., 2002. The Mechanics and Physics of Modern Grain Aeration Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 647 pp.
Coblentz, W. K., & Hoffman, P. C. (2009). Effects of bale moisture and bale diameter on spontaneous heating, dry matter recovery, in vitro true digestibility, and in situ disappearance kinetics of alfalfa-orchardgrass hays. Journal of dairy science, 92(6), 2853-2874.
Wen, Y. Q., Xu, L. L., Xue, C. H., et al., (2020). Effect of stored humidity and initial moisture content on the qualities and mycotoxin levels of maize germ and its processing products. Toxins, 12(9), 535.
Ebeneezar, S., Linga Prabu, D., Chandrasekar, S., et al., (2020). Storage and quality assessment of ingredients and formulated feeds. eprints.cmfri.org.in
Reed, C., Doyungan, S., Ioerger, B., et al., (2007). Response of storage molds to different initial moisture contents of maize (corn) stored at 25 C, and effect on respiration rate and nutrient composition. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43(4), 443-458.
Rathod, A., & Kumawat, M. (2024). Storage of feed ingredients and finished feed. Indian Farmer, 11(02), 77-82.
Kılıç, Ü. Yem Sektöründe İzlenebilirlik. International Multilingual Jorurnal of Science and Technology, 5(12); 2197-2002.
Özen, N., Çakır, A., Haşimoğlu,S. et al., (1993).Yemler Bilgisi ve Yem Teknolojisi. Atatürk Üni.Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notları: 50, Erzurum.
Göncü, S. (Ed.). (2022). Sığırcılık Yemleme Yönetimi. Akademisyen Kitabevi.
Şahin, İ. F., & Zaman, M. (2010). Hayvancılıkta önemli bir yem kaynağı: Silaj. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 15(23), 1-18.
Kızılsımsek, M., Erol, A., Dönmez, R.,et al., (2016). Silaj mikro florasının birbirleri ile ilişkileri, silaj fermentasyonu ve kalitesi üzerine etkileri. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 136-140.
Kibar, H., & Öztürk, T. (2011). Tarımsal ürün silolarında yapısal sorunlar. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 2011(2), 85-96.
Açıkgöz, E., & Demirel, M. (2021). Van ili İpekyolu ilçesinde üretilen yonca kuru otunun hasattan depolamaya kadar besin madde kompozisyon düzeyindeki değişimin incelenmesi. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31(1), 121-132.
Balkan, H., & Çaçan, E. (2025). Kılçadır Köyü (Merkez-Bingöl) Çayır Alanlarının Ot Verimi ve Bazı Kalite Özellikleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 60-69.
Ergül, M. (1988). Yemler bilgisi ve teknolojisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 487, 67-85.
Rotz, C. A., & Muck, R. E. (1994). Changes in forage quality during harvest and storage. Forage quality, evaluation, and utilization, 828-868.
Nelson, C. J., Redfearn, D. D., & Cherney, J. H. (2012). Forage harvest management. Conservation outcomes from pastureland and Hayland practices: Assessment, recommendations, and knowledge gaps, 205-256.
Saensukjaroenphon, M., Jones, C. K., Evans, C. E., et al., (2022). Impact of storage conditions and premix type on water-soluble vitamin stability. Translational Animal Science, 6(4), txac135.
Yang, P., Wang, H., Li, L., Zhang, N., et al., (2021). The stability of vitamin A from different sources in vitamin premixes and vitamin-trace mineral premixes. Applied Sciences, 11(8), 3657.
Eeckhout, M., & van der Poel, A. F. B. (Eds.). (2023). Animal feed technology. Erling Verlag. https://www.erling-verlag.com/produkt/animal-feed-technology/
Kellems, R. O., & Church, D. C. (2002). Livestock feeds and feeding (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Polat, H. (2015). Effects of different storage conditions on the nutritional qualities of barley and maize. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(2), 246-255.
McCalmont, J. R. (1948). Silos: Types and Construction (No. 1820). US Government Printing Office.
Savoie, P., & Jofriet, J. C. (2003). Silage storage. Silage science and technology, 42, 405-467.
EA Maksoud El-Domany, T. (2023). Silos Engineering. International Journal of Advances Engineering and Civil Research, 3(1), 67-99.
Maraveas, C. (2020). Concrete silos: Failures, design issues and repair/strengthening methods. Applied Sciences, 10(11), 3938.
Kasee, S., & Thianbulra, C. (2018). Evaluatıon of a methodology for ımprovıng the warehousıng of anımal feed. Kasem Bundit Engineering Journal, 8, 1-13.
Fernandez-Ahumada, E., Roger, J. M., Palagos, B., et al., (2010). Multivariate near-infrared reflection spectroscopy strategies for ensuring correct labeling at feed bagging in the animal feed industry. Applied spectroscopy, 64(1), 83-91.
Wan, Q., Wang, D., Wang, G., et al., (2014). Design and experiment of self-propelled grass silage combined bagging machine. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(19), 30-37.
Bartosik, R., Cardoso, L., & Urcola, H. (2024). Silo bag storage. In Control and Management of Pests in Stored Products (pp. 121-152). CRC Press.
Alabi, J. O., Fafiolu, A. O., Oso, A. O., et al., (2017). Physico-chemical and compositional changes in proprietary finished feeds stored under different conditions. Archivos de zootecnia, 66(256), 535-541.
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