İşitme Yetersizliği Olan Öğrenciler ve Eğitimleri
Özet
İnsan kulağının 20 Hz ile 20 kHz aralığındaki ses frekanslarını duyabilme becerisindeki kayıplar işitme yetersizliği/kaybı olarak adlandırılır. İşitme kayıpları patolojinin lokalizasyonuna göre iletim tipi, sensörinöral tip, mikst tip, santral tip ve fonksiyonel tip ı̇şitme kaybı olarak sınıflandırılır. İşitme kaybının erken tanılanması ve tanıyı takiben erken cihazlandırma ve ardından erken müdahale ve eğitime başlanması son derece önemlidir. İşitme yetersizliği olan öğrencilerin eğitiminde; çocukların konuşma dili becerilerini geliştirmek amacıyla, dinleme ve konuşma dili yöntemi olarak bilinen sözlü yaklaşım; eklemeli iki dillilik ilkelerine bağlı kalarak işaret dilinde yeterliliği geliştirmeyi amaçlayan işaret iki dilliliği olarak da bilinen iki dilli-iki kültürlü yaklaşım ve öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kelime sırasını takip eden işaret dili, konuşma, dudak okuma, ses yükseltme teknolojisi aracılığıyla dinleme ve parmakla heceleme dahil olmak üzere çoklu iletişim araçlarının kullanımını savununan total iletişim yöntemleri kullanılır. İşitme yetersizliği olan çocukların eğitminde hangi yaklaşımın en uygun olduğu konusundaki tartışmalar halen devam etmektedir. İşitme yetersizliği olan çocukların dile ve iletişime erişimin yanı sıra okuryazarlık gelişiminin de çocukların erken teşhis, müdahale ve eğitim için önemlidir. Erken dönem eğitim bu bireylerin dil ve konuşma, akademik ve sosyal-duygusal gelişimlerini olumlu yönde etkileyerek hayata aktif katılımlarını destekleyecektir.
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