Beton ve Betonarme Yapıların Durabilitesi
Özet
Yapıların ve yapı malzemelerinin işlevlerini hizmet ömrü süresince bozulmadan yerine getirebilmesine, kalıcılık, durabilite veya dayanıklılık adı verilmektedir. Beton ve betonarme elemanların, mekanik dayanımlarının yüksek olmasının yanı sıra yapısındaki bozulmalara karşı dayanıklı olması da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Yapı malzemelerinin dayanıklılığı, bu malzemelerin çevresel, fiziksel ve kimyasal etkenler altında zaman içinde gösterdiği performans ve işlevsel servis ömrüyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Fiziksel ve kimyasal kökenli bozulmalar, yapı malzemelerinde dayanıklılık sorunlarına yol açmakta olup, bu bozulmalar farklı şekillerde sınıflandırılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kimyasal etkenler nedeniyle bozulma, beton içerisine dışarıdan sızan zararlı etkilerden ve beton bileşenlerinden kaynaklanabilir. Bu bozulmalar, karbonatlaşma, sülfat etkisi, korozyon, alkali-agrega reaksiyonları, tuz ve asit etkileridir. Fiziksel nedenler ise, yüksek sıcaklık, donma-çözünme, aşınma vb. etkilerdir. Bu bozulmalara neden olan etkenler kimyasal ve fiziksel nedenler başlıkları altında anlatılmıştır.
Referanslar
M. F. Bertos, S. J. R. Simons, and P. J. Hills, (2004). A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 193–205.
A. El-Turki, R. J. Ball, and G. C. Allen, (2007). The influence of relative humidity on structural and chemical changes during carbonation of hydraulic lime,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1233–1240.
S. Liu, W. Sun, and j. Lai, (2003). Preparation and durability of a high-performance concrete with natural ultra-fine particles.,” Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, vol. 31, pp. 1080–1085.
T. E. Stanton, (1942). Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate,” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 54–84.
E. O. Fanijo, J. T. Kolawole, and A. Almakrab, (2021). Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures: Mechanisms, effects and evaluation test methods adopted in the United States, Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15.
A. Mohammadi, E. Ghiasvand, and M. Nili, (2020). Relation between mechanical properties of concrete and alkali-silica reaction (ASR); a review, Construction and Building Materials 258 – pp.119567.
J. M. Ponce and O. R. Batic, (2006). Different manifestations of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete according to the reaction kinetics of the reactive aggregate, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1148–115.
S. Kandasamy and M. H. Shehata, (2014) “The capacity of ternary blends containing slag and high-calcium fly ash to mitigate alkali silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 49, pp. 92–99.
D. W. Hobbs, Hobbs, (1998). Don W. Alkali-silica reaction in concrete. Thomas Telford Publishing.
https://kub.org.tr/betonda-alkali-agreda/.
G. Giaccio, R. Zerbino, J. M. Ponce, and O. R. Batic, (2008). Mechanical behavior of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 993–1004.
J. , Lindgard, B. Pedersen, and E. Rodum, (2006). Alkali-silica reactions in concrete-Relationship between water content and observed damage on structures,” in Special Publication, pp. 147–166.
R. B. Figueira et al., (2019). “Alkali-silica reaction in concrete: Mechanisms, mitigation and test methods.
T. Y. Erdoğan, (2015). Beton, ODTÜ. Ankara.
C150/C150M-19-a, (2019). Designation: C150/C150M − 19a Standard Specification for Portland Cement 1
E. G. Swenson, (1957). A Canadian reactive aggregate undetected by ASTM tests, Division of Building Research, National Research Council.
W. Li, M. Deng, L. Mo, D. K. Panesar, and Z. Mao, (2022). Alkali carbonate reaction (ACR): Investigations on mechanism of dedolomitization of dolomite in dolostones, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 351.
R. E. Beddoe and H. W. Dorner, (2005). Modelling acid attack on concrete: Part I. The essential mechanisms, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2333–2339.
B. Baradan, Beton ve Betonarme Yapılarda Kalıcılık (Durabilite). THBB, 2010.
K. Onaran, Malzeme Bilimi. İstanbul: İTÜ. İnşaat Fakültesi Matbaası, 1991.
H. Bensabra and N. Azzouz, (2013). Study of rust effect on the corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel using impedance spectroscopy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 5703–5710.
S. Okabe, M. Odagiri, T. İto, and H. Satoh, (2007). Succession of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the microbial community on corroding concrete in sewer systems,” Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 73, pp. 971–980.
Aköz, F. ve Çakı, Ö. (2014). Betonarme Korozyonu, Hazır Beton Dergisi, p. 7185.
Kurtay M. (2020). Beton Karışım Suyu ve Boşluk Suyuna Katılan Ekolojik İnhibitörlerin Donatı Korozyonuna Etkisinin Araştırılması, Doktora, Düzce Üniversitesi, Düzce, Türkiye.
M. Santhanam, M. D. Cohen, and J. Olek, (2003). Effects of gypsum formation on the performance of cement mortars during external sulfate attack, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 325–332.
J. Skalny, J. Marchand, and I. , Odler, (2002). Sulfate Attack on Concrete, New York: Spon Press.
M. Nehdi and M. Hayek, (2005). Behavior of blended cement mortars exposed to sulfate solutions cycling in relative humidity, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 731–742.
I. Casanova, A. Aguado, and L. Agulm, (1997). Aggregate Expansıvıty Due To Sulfıde Oxıdatıon-II. P Physıco-Chemıcal Modelıng Of Sulfate Attack, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1627-1632.
İ. Bekir. Topçu and Tayfun. Uygunoğlu, (2021). Yapı Malzemesi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
L. Divet and R. Randriambololona, (1998). Delayed Ettrıngıte Formatıon: The Effect Of Temperature And Basıcıty On The Interactıon Of Sulphate And C-S-H Phase. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol. 28, no.3, pp. 357-363.
M. H. F. de Medeiros, J. W. Raisdorfer, J. Hoppe Filho, and R. A. Medeiros-Junior, (2017). Partial replacement and addition of fly ash in Portland cement: influences on carbonation and alkaline reserve, Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 4
C. Xie, M. Cao, H. Yin, J. Guan, and L. Wang, (2021). Effects of freeze-thaw damage on fracture properties and microstructure of hybrid fibers reinforced cementitious composites containing calcium carbonate whisker, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 300, pp. 123872.
C. Huang et al., (2022). Study on dynamic compressive mechanical properties of freeze-thaw concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 322, pp. 26499.
Erdem, R. Tuğrul, ve Ali Uğur Öztürk. (2022). Mermer tozu katkısının çimento harcı donma-çözünme özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 85-91.
K. Ebrahimi, M. J. Daiezadeh, M. Zakertabrizi, F. Zahmatkesh, and A. Habibnejad Korayem, (2018). A review of the impact of micro- and nanoparticles on freeze-thaw durability of hardened concrete: Mechanism perspective, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 186, pp. 1105-1113.
S. Luhar, S. Chaudhary, and I. Luhar, (2018). Thermal resistance of fly ash based rubberized geopolymer concrete,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 420–428.
Q. Ma, R. Guo, Z. Zhao, Z. Lin, and K. He, (2015). Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature-A review, Construction and Building Materials vol. 93, pp. 371-383.
F. P. Figueiredo, S. S. Huang, H. Angelakopoulos, K. Pilakoutas, and I. Burgess, (2019). Effects of Recycled Steel and Polymer Fibres on Explosive Fire Spalling of Concrete, Fire Technology, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1495–1516.
W. Khaliq and H. A. Khan, (2015). High temperature material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 94, pp. 475–487.
Z. Pan, Z. Tao, Y. F. Cao, R. Wuhrer, and T. Murphy, (2016). Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash/slag binders at high temperature, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 86, pp. 9–18.
O. Arioz, (2007). Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete. Fire Saf J, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 516–522.
A. Mendes, J. G. Sanjayan, and F. Collins, (2011). Effects of slag and cooling method on the progressive deterioration of concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures as in a fire event, Materials and Structures, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 709–718.
S. Luhar, D. Nicolaides, and I. Luhar, (2021). Fire resistance behaviour of geopolymer concrete: An overview, Mar. Buildings vol. 11. no. 3, pp. 82.
Z. Xu, J. Li, H. Qian, and C. Wu, (2022). Blast resistance of hybrid steel and polypropylene fibre reinforced ultra-high performance concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures, Composite temperatures, Composite, vol. 294. pp. 115771.
A. H. Shah, U. K. Sharma, P. Kamath, P. Bhargava, G. R. Reddy, and T. Singh, (2016) Fire performance of earthquake-damaged reinforced-concrete structures, Materials and Structures, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 2971–2989.
A. H. Shah and U. K. Sharma, (2017). Fire resistance and spalling performance of confined concrete columns, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 156, pp. 161–174.
Bülent Baradan, Beton ve Betonarme Yapılarda Kalıcılık (Durabilite). İstanbul: THBB, 2010.
T. Özturan, (1984). Beton aşınmasının iki fazlı malzeme olarak incelenmesi,” Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
B. Postacıoğlu, Beton, Bağlayıcı Maddeler, vol. 1. İstanbul: Matbaa Teknisyenleri Basımevi, 1986.
Baradan. B. ve Aydın, S. (2013). Betonun Dürabilitesi (Dayanıklılık, Kalıcılık). Beton 2013 Hazır Beton Kongresi.
B. Postacıoğlu, (1975). Yapı malzemesi dersleri-bağlayıcı maddeler, agregalar ve beton. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
Daşkıran, E. G. (2018). Dayanım ve dayanıklılık açısından yüksek performanslı çimento esaslı tabakalı kompozitlerin geliştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
Öner, A. Direr, S. ve Sevengül, T. (2014). Islanma Kuruma Çevrimi–Dinamik Elastisite Modülü İlişkisi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi, İzmit.
M. H. Yaseen, S. F. S. Hashim, E. T. Dawood, and M. A. M. Johari, (2025). Effect of wetting and drying cycles on strength behavior of roller compacted concrete, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1- 21.
Farzad, M., Sadeghnejad, A., Rastkar, S., Moshkforoush, A., and Azizinamini, A. (2020). A theoretical analysis of mechanical and durability enhancement of circular reinforced concrete columns repaired with UHPC. Engineering Structures, vol. 209, pp. 109928.
BS-1504-2, (2004). Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures–Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity–Part 2: Surface protection systems for concrete. Surface protection systems for concrete.
Baltazar, L., Santana, J., Lopes, B., Rodrigues, M. P., & Correia, J. R. (2014). Surface skin protection of concrete with silicate-based impregnations: Influence of the substrate roughness and moisture. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 70, pp. 191-200.
Anna Szymańska, Michał Dutkiewicz, Hieronim Maciejewski, Magdalena Palacz, (2022). Simple and effective hydrophobic impregnation of concrete with functionalized polybutadienes, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 315, pp. 125624.
Peyman K., Fazel A., Mohammad S., Shaofan L, (2024). Experimental investigation of using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete coating for anti-corrosion protection of reinforced concrete induced by chloride ions, Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 110743.
Graybeal, B. and Jussara T. (2007). Durability of an ultrahigh-performance concrete. Journal of materials in civil engineering vol. 19. No. 10, pp. 848-854.
Wu, F., Chen, X., and Chen, J. (2023). Abrasion resistance enhancement of concrete using surface treatment methods. Tribology International, vol. 179, pp. 108180.
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Referanslar
M. F. Bertos, S. J. R. Simons, and P. J. Hills, (2004). A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 193–205.
A. El-Turki, R. J. Ball, and G. C. Allen, (2007). The influence of relative humidity on structural and chemical changes during carbonation of hydraulic lime,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1233–1240.
S. Liu, W. Sun, and j. Lai, (2003). Preparation and durability of a high-performance concrete with natural ultra-fine particles.,” Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, vol. 31, pp. 1080–1085.
T. E. Stanton, (1942). Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate,” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 54–84.
E. O. Fanijo, J. T. Kolawole, and A. Almakrab, (2021). Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures: Mechanisms, effects and evaluation test methods adopted in the United States, Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15.
A. Mohammadi, E. Ghiasvand, and M. Nili, (2020). Relation between mechanical properties of concrete and alkali-silica reaction (ASR); a review, Construction and Building Materials 258 – pp.119567.
J. M. Ponce and O. R. Batic, (2006). Different manifestations of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete according to the reaction kinetics of the reactive aggregate, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1148–115.
S. Kandasamy and M. H. Shehata, (2014) “The capacity of ternary blends containing slag and high-calcium fly ash to mitigate alkali silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 49, pp. 92–99.
D. W. Hobbs, Hobbs, (1998). Don W. Alkali-silica reaction in concrete. Thomas Telford Publishing.
https://kub.org.tr/betonda-alkali-agreda/.
G. Giaccio, R. Zerbino, J. M. Ponce, and O. R. Batic, (2008). Mechanical behavior of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 993–1004.
J. , Lindgard, B. Pedersen, and E. Rodum, (2006). Alkali-silica reactions in concrete-Relationship between water content and observed damage on structures,” in Special Publication, pp. 147–166.
R. B. Figueira et al., (2019). “Alkali-silica reaction in concrete: Mechanisms, mitigation and test methods.
T. Y. Erdoğan, (2015). Beton, ODTÜ. Ankara.
C150/C150M-19-a, (2019). Designation: C150/C150M − 19a Standard Specification for Portland Cement 1
E. G. Swenson, (1957). A Canadian reactive aggregate undetected by ASTM tests, Division of Building Research, National Research Council.
W. Li, M. Deng, L. Mo, D. K. Panesar, and Z. Mao, (2022). Alkali carbonate reaction (ACR): Investigations on mechanism of dedolomitization of dolomite in dolostones, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 351.
R. E. Beddoe and H. W. Dorner, (2005). Modelling acid attack on concrete: Part I. The essential mechanisms, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2333–2339.
B. Baradan, Beton ve Betonarme Yapılarda Kalıcılık (Durabilite). THBB, 2010.
K. Onaran, Malzeme Bilimi. İstanbul: İTÜ. İnşaat Fakültesi Matbaası, 1991.
H. Bensabra and N. Azzouz, (2013). Study of rust effect on the corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel using impedance spectroscopy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 5703–5710.
S. Okabe, M. Odagiri, T. İto, and H. Satoh, (2007). Succession of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the microbial community on corroding concrete in sewer systems,” Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 73, pp. 971–980.
Aköz, F. ve Çakı, Ö. (2014). Betonarme Korozyonu, Hazır Beton Dergisi, p. 7185.
Kurtay M. (2020). Beton Karışım Suyu ve Boşluk Suyuna Katılan Ekolojik İnhibitörlerin Donatı Korozyonuna Etkisinin Araştırılması, Doktora, Düzce Üniversitesi, Düzce, Türkiye.
M. Santhanam, M. D. Cohen, and J. Olek, (2003). Effects of gypsum formation on the performance of cement mortars during external sulfate attack, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 325–332.
J. Skalny, J. Marchand, and I. , Odler, (2002). Sulfate Attack on Concrete, New York: Spon Press.
M. Nehdi and M. Hayek, (2005). Behavior of blended cement mortars exposed to sulfate solutions cycling in relative humidity, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 731–742.
I. Casanova, A. Aguado, and L. Agulm, (1997). Aggregate Expansıvıty Due To Sulfıde Oxıdatıon-II. P Physıco-Chemıcal Modelıng Of Sulfate Attack, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1627-1632.
İ. Bekir. Topçu and Tayfun. Uygunoğlu, (2021). Yapı Malzemesi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
L. Divet and R. Randriambololona, (1998). Delayed Ettrıngıte Formatıon: The Effect Of Temperature And Basıcıty On The Interactıon Of Sulphate And C-S-H Phase. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol. 28, no.3, pp. 357-363.
M. H. F. de Medeiros, J. W. Raisdorfer, J. Hoppe Filho, and R. A. Medeiros-Junior, (2017). Partial replacement and addition of fly ash in Portland cement: influences on carbonation and alkaline reserve, Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 4
C. Xie, M. Cao, H. Yin, J. Guan, and L. Wang, (2021). Effects of freeze-thaw damage on fracture properties and microstructure of hybrid fibers reinforced cementitious composites containing calcium carbonate whisker, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 300, pp. 123872.
C. Huang et al., (2022). Study on dynamic compressive mechanical properties of freeze-thaw concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 322, pp. 26499.
Erdem, R. Tuğrul, ve Ali Uğur Öztürk. (2022). Mermer tozu katkısının çimento harcı donma-çözünme özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 85-91.
K. Ebrahimi, M. J. Daiezadeh, M. Zakertabrizi, F. Zahmatkesh, and A. Habibnejad Korayem, (2018). A review of the impact of micro- and nanoparticles on freeze-thaw durability of hardened concrete: Mechanism perspective, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 186, pp. 1105-1113.
S. Luhar, S. Chaudhary, and I. Luhar, (2018). Thermal resistance of fly ash based rubberized geopolymer concrete,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 420–428.
Q. Ma, R. Guo, Z. Zhao, Z. Lin, and K. He, (2015). Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature-A review, Construction and Building Materials vol. 93, pp. 371-383.
F. P. Figueiredo, S. S. Huang, H. Angelakopoulos, K. Pilakoutas, and I. Burgess, (2019). Effects of Recycled Steel and Polymer Fibres on Explosive Fire Spalling of Concrete, Fire Technology, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1495–1516.
W. Khaliq and H. A. Khan, (2015). High temperature material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 94, pp. 475–487.
Z. Pan, Z. Tao, Y. F. Cao, R. Wuhrer, and T. Murphy, (2016). Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash/slag binders at high temperature, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 86, pp. 9–18.
O. Arioz, (2007). Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete. Fire Saf J, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 516–522.
A. Mendes, J. G. Sanjayan, and F. Collins, (2011). Effects of slag and cooling method on the progressive deterioration of concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures as in a fire event, Materials and Structures, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 709–718.
S. Luhar, D. Nicolaides, and I. Luhar, (2021). Fire resistance behaviour of geopolymer concrete: An overview, Mar. Buildings vol. 11. no. 3, pp. 82.
Z. Xu, J. Li, H. Qian, and C. Wu, (2022). Blast resistance of hybrid steel and polypropylene fibre reinforced ultra-high performance concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures, Composite temperatures, Composite, vol. 294. pp. 115771.
A. H. Shah, U. K. Sharma, P. Kamath, P. Bhargava, G. R. Reddy, and T. Singh, (2016) Fire performance of earthquake-damaged reinforced-concrete structures, Materials and Structures, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 2971–2989.
A. H. Shah and U. K. Sharma, (2017). Fire resistance and spalling performance of confined concrete columns, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 156, pp. 161–174.
Bülent Baradan, Beton ve Betonarme Yapılarda Kalıcılık (Durabilite). İstanbul: THBB, 2010.
T. Özturan, (1984). Beton aşınmasının iki fazlı malzeme olarak incelenmesi,” Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
B. Postacıoğlu, Beton, Bağlayıcı Maddeler, vol. 1. İstanbul: Matbaa Teknisyenleri Basımevi, 1986.
Baradan. B. ve Aydın, S. (2013). Betonun Dürabilitesi (Dayanıklılık, Kalıcılık). Beton 2013 Hazır Beton Kongresi.
B. Postacıoğlu, (1975). Yapı malzemesi dersleri-bağlayıcı maddeler, agregalar ve beton. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
Daşkıran, E. G. (2018). Dayanım ve dayanıklılık açısından yüksek performanslı çimento esaslı tabakalı kompozitlerin geliştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
Öner, A. Direr, S. ve Sevengül, T. (2014). Islanma Kuruma Çevrimi–Dinamik Elastisite Modülü İlişkisi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi, İzmit.
M. H. Yaseen, S. F. S. Hashim, E. T. Dawood, and M. A. M. Johari, (2025). Effect of wetting and drying cycles on strength behavior of roller compacted concrete, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1- 21.
Farzad, M., Sadeghnejad, A., Rastkar, S., Moshkforoush, A., and Azizinamini, A. (2020). A theoretical analysis of mechanical and durability enhancement of circular reinforced concrete columns repaired with UHPC. Engineering Structures, vol. 209, pp. 109928.
BS-1504-2, (2004). Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures–Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity–Part 2: Surface protection systems for concrete. Surface protection systems for concrete.
Baltazar, L., Santana, J., Lopes, B., Rodrigues, M. P., & Correia, J. R. (2014). Surface skin protection of concrete with silicate-based impregnations: Influence of the substrate roughness and moisture. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 70, pp. 191-200.
Anna Szymańska, Michał Dutkiewicz, Hieronim Maciejewski, Magdalena Palacz, (2022). Simple and effective hydrophobic impregnation of concrete with functionalized polybutadienes, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 315, pp. 125624.
Peyman K., Fazel A., Mohammad S., Shaofan L, (2024). Experimental investigation of using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete coating for anti-corrosion protection of reinforced concrete induced by chloride ions, Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 110743.
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