Renklendiriciler
Özet
Renklendiriciler gıdanın veya yemin rengini standardize etmek, çekiciliği ve tüketici algısını artırmak, ayrıca hayvan ürünlerinde (etlik piliç derisi, yumurta sarısı, süt yağı, balık ve kabuklu su ürünleri dokuları) pazarlanabilir görünüm oluşturmak amacıyla eklenir. Yem katkıları sınıflamasında duyusal katkı maddeleri grubunda yer alırlar. Kaynak veya elde ediliş biçimine göre doğal ve yapay; kimyasal yapılarına göre antosiyaninler (flavonoidler), izoprenoid türevleri (karotenoidler), pirol türevleri (klorofil), azot‑heterosiklik betalainler ve fikobiliproteinler olarak ayrılırlar. Doğal pigmentler bitkiler, mikroalgler, mikroorganizmalar, hayvansal dokular ve minerallerden elde edilir; kimyasal yapı çözünürlük, stabilite ve proses dayanıklılığını belirler. Sentetik boyalar düşük maliyet, yüksek renk gücü ve stabilite sunarken regülasyon ve tüketici baskısı doğal alternatif arayışını hızlandırmaktadır. Doğal kaynaklı bileşikler ısı, ışık, oksijen, pH, metal iyonları ve proteinlerle etkileşim nedeniyle renk kaybına yatkındır; bazıları ise istenmeyen tat/aroma katabilir. Öte yandan antioksidan, antimutajenik, antiinflamatuar gibi nutrasötik özellikler de sağlayabilirler. Uygulamada form, doz ve taşıyıcı seçimi istenen ürün renginin standardizasyonu için kritiktir. Rasyon formülasyonunda başlangıç hammaddelerini maskeleyerek hayvanın alışkanlıklarına uyum sağlar ve pazarda kalite algısının tutarlı sürdürülmesine katkıda bulunurlar. Bu bölümde hayvan beslemede ve yem endüstrisinde kullanılan renklendiricilerin tanımı, sınıflandırılması, kaynakları, teknolojik ve biyolojik işlevleri ile seçiminde dikkate alınan unsurlar özetlenmiştir.
Referanslar
Abdel-Raheam HEF, Alrumman SA, Gadow SI, El-Sayed MH, Hikal DM, Hesham AE-L, Ali MMA Optimization of Monascus purpureus for natural food pigments production on potato wastes and their application in ıce lolly. Front Microbiol 2022; 13: 862080.
Akdemir F, Orhan C, Sahin N, Hayirli A. Tomato powder inlaying hen diets: effects on concentrations of yolk carotenoids and lipid peroxidation. British Poult Sci 2012; 53: 675-80.
Akhtar P, Gray JI, Cooper TH, Graling DL, Booren AM. Dietary pigmentation and deposition of α-tocopherol and carotenoids in rainbow trout muscle and liver tissue. J Food Sci 1999; 64: 234-9.
AlAshkar A, Hassabo AG. Recent use of natural animal dyes in various field. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science 2021; 18: 191-210.
Aldridge G. Adding a little color to petfoods-naturally. Petfood Industry December 9, 2014.
Aldridge G. Caramel: natural brown color for pet food with a hint of controversy. Petfood Industry November 7, 2017.
Aly HF, Rizk MZ, Shams SGE. Microalgae in food and feed: Safety and toxicological aspects. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 549-65.
Bhosale P. Environmental and cultural stimulants in the production of carotenoids from microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 63: 351-61.
Bories G, Brantom P, de Barberà JB, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Debski B, Dierick N, Franklin A, Gropp J, Halle I, Hogstrand C, de Knecht J, Leng L, Haldorsen AKL, Mantovani A, Mézes M, Nebbia C, Rambeck W, Rychen G, von Wright A, Wester P. Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carotenoid rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens) as feed additive for salmon and trout. Scientific opinion of the panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed, EFSA J 2007; 546: 1-30.
Cheng X, Shah M. Astaxanthin from Haematococcus: Production, applications, and advances. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 221-35.
Craig JM. Additives in pet food: are they safe? Journal of Small Animal Practice 2021; 1-12.
Dannert CS. Engineering novel carotenoids in microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000; 11: 255-61.
Dansou DM, Wang H, Nugroho RD, He W, Zhao Q, Zhang J. Assessment of response to moderate and high dose supplementation of astaxanthin in laying hens. Animals 2021; 11(4): 1138.
Das A, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Kim SW. An update on microbial carotenoid production: Application of recent metabolic engineering tools. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007; 77: 505-12.
Englmaierová M, Skṙivan M, Effect of synthetic carotenoids, lutein, and mustard on the performance and egg quality. Sci Agric Bohem 2013; 44: 138-43.
Esfahani-Mashhour M, Moravej H, Mehrabani-Yeganeh H, Razavi SH. Evaluation of coloring potential of Dietzia natronolimnaea biomass as source of canthaxanthin for egg yolk pigmentation. Asian-Austuralas J Anim Sci 2009; 22: 254-9.
Gao S, Li R, Heng N, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Guo Y, Sheng X, Wang X, Xing K, Ni H, Qi X. Effects of dietary supplementation of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and accumulation in the egg yolk of laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99: 5874-82.
EFSA Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal Feed (FEEDAP); Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Carmoisine (E 122) in feed for cats and dogs. EFSA J 2012; 10(2): 2570.
European Union register of feed additives pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. Annex I, List of additives (Released date 06.12.2022), Edition 07/2022 (302)
Faehnrich B, Lukas B, Humer E, Zebeli Q. Phytogenic pigments in animal nutrition: potentials and risks J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96: 1420-30.
Fuller MF. The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, 2004.
García-Chavarría M, Lara-Flores M. The use of carotenoid in aquaculture. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology 2013; 8: 38-49.
Goldsmith TH. What birds see. Scientific American 2006; 295: 68-75.
Gulizia JP, Downs KM. The Effects of feed color on broiler performance between day 1 and 21. Animals 2021; 11: 1511.
Ham A, Osorio D. Colour preferences and colour vision in poultry chicks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2007; 274: 1941-8.
Hammershoj M, Kidmose U, Steenfeldt S. Deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk by short-term supplement of coloured carrot (Daucus carota) varieties as forage material for egg-laying hens. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90: 1163-71.
Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Food and feed from microalgae: A historical perspective to future directions. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 3-6.
Karadas F, Grammenidis E, Surai PF, Acamovic T, Sparks NH. Effect of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition. British Poult Sci 2006; 47: 561-6.
Khosravinia H. Preference of broiler chicks for color of lighting and feed. J Poult Sci 2007; 44: 213-9.
Kotrbacek V, Skrivan M, Kopecky J, Penkava O, Hudeckova P, Uhrikova I, Doubek J. Retention of carotenoids in egg yolks of laying hens supplemented with heterotrophic Chlorella. Czech J Anim Sci 2013; 58: 193-200.
Lauria VBM, Silva LP. Green extraction of natural colorants from food residues: colorimetric characterization and nanostructuring for enhanced stability. Foods 2024; 13: 962.
Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Termote-Verhalle R, Muylaert K, Buyse J, Foubert I. Impact of feed supplementation with different omega-3 rich microalgae species on enrichment of eggs of laying hens. Food Chem 2013; 141: 4051-9.
Li M, Wu W, Zhou P, Xie F, Zhou Q, Mai K. Comparison effect of dietary astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluvialis on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Aquaculture 2014; 434: 227-32.
Lim KC, Yusoff FM, Shariff M, Kamarudin MS. Dietary astaxanthin augments disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790), against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 114: 90-101.
Liu C, Li Y, Chen Z, Yuan L, Liu H, Han D, Jin J, Yang Y, Hu Q, Zhu X, Xie S. Effects of dietary whole and defatted Arthrospira platensis (Cyanobacterium) on growth, body composition and pigmentation of the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. J Appl Phycol 2021; 33(4): 2251-9.
Long X, Wu X, Zhao L, Liu J, Cheng Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with Haematococcus pluvialis cell powder on coloration, ovarian development and antioxidation capacity of adult female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Aquaculture 2017; 473: 545-53.
Ma N, Long XW, Liu JG, Chang GL, Deng D, Cheng YX, Wu XG. Defatted Haematococcus pluvialis meal can enhance the coloration of adult Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Aquaculture 2019; 510: 371-9.
Maoka T. Carotenoids in marine animals. Mar Drugs 2011; 9(2): 278-93.
Marounek M, Pebriansyah A. Use of carotenoids in feed mixtures for poultry: a review. Agricultura Tropia et Subtropica 2018; 51(3): 107-11.
Masetto A, Flores-Cotera LB, Diaz C, Langley E, Sanchez S. Application of a complete factorial design for the production of zeaxanthin by Flavobacterium sp. J Biosci Bioeng 2001; 92: 55-8.
Mezzomo N, Ferreira S. Carotenoids functionality, sources, and processing by supercritical technology: a review. J Chem 2016; 3164312: 1-16.
Official Gazette. Regulation regarding the use of feed additives substances in animal nutrition, Part one. Number: 2871118, July 2013.
Pagels F, Guedes AC. β-Carotene from Dunaliella: Production, applications in food/feed, and recent advances. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 203-19.
Pasarin D, Rovinaru C. Sources of carotenoids and their uses as animal feed additives – a review. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science 2018; 61: 74-85.
Pestana JM, Puerta B, Santos H, Madeira MS, Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Pinto RMA, Lemos JPC, Fontes CMGA, Lordelo MM, Prates JAM. Impact of dietary incorporation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and exogenous enzymes on broiler performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. Poult Sci 2020; 99: 2519-32.
Pham MA, Byun HG, Kim KD, Lee SM. Effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth, skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 2014; 431: 65-72.
Queiroz MI, Mitterer-Daltoé ML. Sensorial characters of microalgae biomass and its individual components. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 537-46.
Renita AA, Gajaria TK, Sathish S, Kumar JA, Lakshmi DS, Kujawa J, Kujawski W. Progress and prospective of the ındustrial development and applications of eco-friendly colorants: an insight into environmental impact and sustainability issues. Foods 2023; 12: 1521.
Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Natural food pigments and colorants. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016; 7: 20-6.
Saleh AA, Gawish E, Mahmoud SF, Amber K, Awad W, Alzawqari MH, Shukry M, Abdel-Moneim AME. Effect of natural and chemical colorant supplementation on performance, egg-quality characteristics, yolk fatty-acid profile, and blood constituents in laying hens. Sustainability 2021; 13: 4503.
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Referanslar
Abdel-Raheam HEF, Alrumman SA, Gadow SI, El-Sayed MH, Hikal DM, Hesham AE-L, Ali MMA Optimization of Monascus purpureus for natural food pigments production on potato wastes and their application in ıce lolly. Front Microbiol 2022; 13: 862080.
Akdemir F, Orhan C, Sahin N, Hayirli A. Tomato powder inlaying hen diets: effects on concentrations of yolk carotenoids and lipid peroxidation. British Poult Sci 2012; 53: 675-80.
Akhtar P, Gray JI, Cooper TH, Graling DL, Booren AM. Dietary pigmentation and deposition of α-tocopherol and carotenoids in rainbow trout muscle and liver tissue. J Food Sci 1999; 64: 234-9.
AlAshkar A, Hassabo AG. Recent use of natural animal dyes in various field. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science 2021; 18: 191-210.
Aldridge G. Adding a little color to petfoods-naturally. Petfood Industry December 9, 2014.
Aldridge G. Caramel: natural brown color for pet food with a hint of controversy. Petfood Industry November 7, 2017.
Aly HF, Rizk MZ, Shams SGE. Microalgae in food and feed: Safety and toxicological aspects. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 549-65.
Bhosale P. Environmental and cultural stimulants in the production of carotenoids from microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 63: 351-61.
Bories G, Brantom P, de Barberà JB, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Debski B, Dierick N, Franklin A, Gropp J, Halle I, Hogstrand C, de Knecht J, Leng L, Haldorsen AKL, Mantovani A, Mézes M, Nebbia C, Rambeck W, Rychen G, von Wright A, Wester P. Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carotenoid rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens) as feed additive for salmon and trout. Scientific opinion of the panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed, EFSA J 2007; 546: 1-30.
Cheng X, Shah M. Astaxanthin from Haematococcus: Production, applications, and advances. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 221-35.
Craig JM. Additives in pet food: are they safe? Journal of Small Animal Practice 2021; 1-12.
Dannert CS. Engineering novel carotenoids in microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000; 11: 255-61.
Dansou DM, Wang H, Nugroho RD, He W, Zhao Q, Zhang J. Assessment of response to moderate and high dose supplementation of astaxanthin in laying hens. Animals 2021; 11(4): 1138.
Das A, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Kim SW. An update on microbial carotenoid production: Application of recent metabolic engineering tools. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007; 77: 505-12.
Englmaierová M, Skṙivan M, Effect of synthetic carotenoids, lutein, and mustard on the performance and egg quality. Sci Agric Bohem 2013; 44: 138-43.
Esfahani-Mashhour M, Moravej H, Mehrabani-Yeganeh H, Razavi SH. Evaluation of coloring potential of Dietzia natronolimnaea biomass as source of canthaxanthin for egg yolk pigmentation. Asian-Austuralas J Anim Sci 2009; 22: 254-9.
Gao S, Li R, Heng N, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Guo Y, Sheng X, Wang X, Xing K, Ni H, Qi X. Effects of dietary supplementation of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and accumulation in the egg yolk of laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99: 5874-82.
EFSA Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal Feed (FEEDAP); Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Carmoisine (E 122) in feed for cats and dogs. EFSA J 2012; 10(2): 2570.
European Union register of feed additives pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. Annex I, List of additives (Released date 06.12.2022), Edition 07/2022 (302)
Faehnrich B, Lukas B, Humer E, Zebeli Q. Phytogenic pigments in animal nutrition: potentials and risks J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96: 1420-30.
Fuller MF. The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, 2004.
García-Chavarría M, Lara-Flores M. The use of carotenoid in aquaculture. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology 2013; 8: 38-49.
Goldsmith TH. What birds see. Scientific American 2006; 295: 68-75.
Gulizia JP, Downs KM. The Effects of feed color on broiler performance between day 1 and 21. Animals 2021; 11: 1511.
Ham A, Osorio D. Colour preferences and colour vision in poultry chicks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2007; 274: 1941-8.
Hammershoj M, Kidmose U, Steenfeldt S. Deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk by short-term supplement of coloured carrot (Daucus carota) varieties as forage material for egg-laying hens. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90: 1163-71.
Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Food and feed from microalgae: A historical perspective to future directions. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 3-6.
Karadas F, Grammenidis E, Surai PF, Acamovic T, Sparks NH. Effect of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition. British Poult Sci 2006; 47: 561-6.
Khosravinia H. Preference of broiler chicks for color of lighting and feed. J Poult Sci 2007; 44: 213-9.
Kotrbacek V, Skrivan M, Kopecky J, Penkava O, Hudeckova P, Uhrikova I, Doubek J. Retention of carotenoids in egg yolks of laying hens supplemented with heterotrophic Chlorella. Czech J Anim Sci 2013; 58: 193-200.
Lauria VBM, Silva LP. Green extraction of natural colorants from food residues: colorimetric characterization and nanostructuring for enhanced stability. Foods 2024; 13: 962.
Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Termote-Verhalle R, Muylaert K, Buyse J, Foubert I. Impact of feed supplementation with different omega-3 rich microalgae species on enrichment of eggs of laying hens. Food Chem 2013; 141: 4051-9.
Li M, Wu W, Zhou P, Xie F, Zhou Q, Mai K. Comparison effect of dietary astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluvialis on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Aquaculture 2014; 434: 227-32.
Lim KC, Yusoff FM, Shariff M, Kamarudin MS. Dietary astaxanthin augments disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790), against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 114: 90-101.
Liu C, Li Y, Chen Z, Yuan L, Liu H, Han D, Jin J, Yang Y, Hu Q, Zhu X, Xie S. Effects of dietary whole and defatted Arthrospira platensis (Cyanobacterium) on growth, body composition and pigmentation of the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. J Appl Phycol 2021; 33(4): 2251-9.
Long X, Wu X, Zhao L, Liu J, Cheng Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with Haematococcus pluvialis cell powder on coloration, ovarian development and antioxidation capacity of adult female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Aquaculture 2017; 473: 545-53.
Ma N, Long XW, Liu JG, Chang GL, Deng D, Cheng YX, Wu XG. Defatted Haematococcus pluvialis meal can enhance the coloration of adult Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Aquaculture 2019; 510: 371-9.
Maoka T. Carotenoids in marine animals. Mar Drugs 2011; 9(2): 278-93.
Marounek M, Pebriansyah A. Use of carotenoids in feed mixtures for poultry: a review. Agricultura Tropia et Subtropica 2018; 51(3): 107-11.
Masetto A, Flores-Cotera LB, Diaz C, Langley E, Sanchez S. Application of a complete factorial design for the production of zeaxanthin by Flavobacterium sp. J Biosci Bioeng 2001; 92: 55-8.
Mezzomo N, Ferreira S. Carotenoids functionality, sources, and processing by supercritical technology: a review. J Chem 2016; 3164312: 1-16.
Official Gazette. Regulation regarding the use of feed additives substances in animal nutrition, Part one. Number: 2871118, July 2013.
Pagels F, Guedes AC. β-Carotene from Dunaliella: Production, applications in food/feed, and recent advances. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 203-19.
Pasarin D, Rovinaru C. Sources of carotenoids and their uses as animal feed additives – a review. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science 2018; 61: 74-85.
Pestana JM, Puerta B, Santos H, Madeira MS, Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Pinto RMA, Lemos JPC, Fontes CMGA, Lordelo MM, Prates JAM. Impact of dietary incorporation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and exogenous enzymes on broiler performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. Poult Sci 2020; 99: 2519-32.
Pham MA, Byun HG, Kim KD, Lee SM. Effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth, skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 2014; 431: 65-72.
Queiroz MI, Mitterer-Daltoé ML. Sensorial characters of microalgae biomass and its individual components. Jacob-Lopes E, Queiroz MI, Maroneze MM, Zepka LQ. Eds. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Production, Application, Regulation, and Sustainability London: Elsevier Inc, 2023; pp. 537-46.
Renita AA, Gajaria TK, Sathish S, Kumar JA, Lakshmi DS, Kujawa J, Kujawski W. Progress and prospective of the ındustrial development and applications of eco-friendly colorants: an insight into environmental impact and sustainability issues. Foods 2023; 12: 1521.
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