Organik Asitler
Özet
Organik asitler, hayvan beslemede yem katkı maddesi olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu bileşikler, sindirim sisteminde pH düşüşü sağlayarak zararlı mikroorganizmaların gelişimini baskılar ve faydalı mikrofloranın çoğalmasını destekler. Ayrıca, bağırsak sağlığını iyileştirerek besin sindirilebilirliğini artırır ve performansa olumlu katkıda bulunur. Organik asitlerin metabolizması genellikle kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinin enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılmasına dayanır. Bu süreç hayvanlarda büyüme ve bağışıklık fonksiyonlarının desteklenmesini sağlar. Antimikrobiyel ve antifungal özellikleri sayesinde yemlerin mikrobiyal bozulmasını engeller, hayvansal üretimde verimlilik ve ürün kalitesini artırır. Bu yönleriyle organik asitler, antibiyotiklere alternatif olarak güvenli ve çevre dostu yem katkıları arasında öne çıkmaktadır.
Referanslar
Abbas G, HK Sohail, R Habib-Ur. Effects of Formic Acid Administration in the Drinking Water on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Immune System in Layers during Hot Season. Avian Biol Res 2013; 6 (3): 227–232.
Abecia L, Fondevila M, Balcells J, Belenguer A. Effect of fumaric acid on diet digestibility and the caecal environment of growing rabbits. Anim Res 2005; 54: 493-498.
Adil S, Banday T, Bhat GA, Mir MS, Rehman M. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, intestinal histomorphology, and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:479485.
Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Barkat RA, Gabr AA, Foda MA, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Sabrout K, Elwan HAM, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Michalak I, Di Cerbo A, Dhama K. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:9-29.
Biggs P, Parsons CM. The effects of several organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. Poult Sci 2008;87(12):2581-2589.
Bozkurt M, Kucukyilmaz K, Catli AU, Cinar M. The effect of single or combined dietary supplementation of prebiotics, organic acid, and probiotics on performance and slaughter characteristics of broilers. S Afr J Anim Sci 2009, 39:197-205.
Carro MD, Ranilla MJ, Giráldez FJ, Mantecón AR. Effects of malate on diet digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, plasma metabolites, and performance of growing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Anim Sci J 2006; 84(2):405–410.
Castillo C, Benedito JL, Mendez J, Pereira V, Lopez-Alonso M, Miranda M, Hernandez, J. Organic acids as a substitute for monensin in diets for beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004; 115: 101-116.
Ebeid TA, Al-Homidan IH. Organic acids and their potential role for modulating the gastrointestinal tract, antioxidative status, immune response, and performance in poultry. J World's Poult Sci 2022; 78(1): 83-101.
Emami NK, A Daneshmand, SZ Naeini, EN Graystone, LJ Broom. Effects of commercial organic acid blends on male broilers challenged with E. coli K88: performance, microbiology, ıntestinal morphology, and ımmune response. Poult Sci 2017; 96 (9): 3254–3263.
Gül M, Tekce E. Organik asitler: organik asitler ve hayvan beslemede kullanım alanları. Türkiye Klinikleri J Anim Nutr Nutr Dis-Special Topics 2017; 3(1): 57-63.
He S, Yin Q, Xiong Y, Liu D, Hu H. Effects of dietary fumaric acid on the growth performance, ımmune response, relative weight and antioxidant status of ımmune organs in broilers exposed to chronic heat stress. Czech J Anim Sci 2020b; 65: 104–113.
He S, Ding J, Xiong Y, Liu D, Dai S, Hu H. 2020a. Effects of dietary fumaric acid on growth performance, meat quality, nutrient composition and oxidative status of breast muscle in broilers under chronic heat stress. Europe Poult Sci 2020a; 84, ISSN 1612-9199.
Kara K, Pirci G, Yılmaz S, Baytok E, Yılmaz K. Effects of fumaric and maleic acids on the fermentation, nutrient composition, proteolysis and in vitro ruminal gas of corn silage. Grassl Sci 2022; 68(4): 362-371.
Khalid SM, Shakeel A, Khan RS. The effect of ph and temperature on motility of Listeria species. J Islam Sci 1992; 5(1): 28-31.
Khan A, Mobashar S, Inam M, Khan M, Ahmad N, Itizaz A, Mubarak A, Hamayun K. Effect of different levels of organic acids supplementation on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows during thermal stress. J Agric Sci 2013; 3:762-768.
Khan RU, Chand N, Akbar A. Effect of organic acids on the performance of Japanese quails. Pak J Zool 2016; 48(6): 1799-1803.
Kholif A. E., Gouda A. Gouda, Olurotimi A. Olafadehan, Sobhy M. Sallam, Uchenna Y. Anele, (2025). Chapter 3 - Acidifiers and organic acids in livestock nutrition and health, Editor(s): Mahmoud Alagawany, Sobhy M. Sallam, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Organic Feed Additives for Livestock, Academic Press, Pages 43-56, ISBN 9780443135101.
Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Ergotrope effekte durch organische säuren in der ferkelaufzucht und schweinemast. Übersichten zur Tierernährung 1988; 16: 93-108.
Kum S, Eren U, Önol AG, Sandıkcı M. Effects of dietary organic acid supplementation on the intestinal mucosa in broilers. Revue de Med Vet 2010; 161(10): 463-468.
Lawrence LM, Jaster EH, Wıschover L, Moore KJ, Hıntz HF. Acceptabılıty of alfalfa hay treated wıth an organıc acıd preservatıve for horses. Can J Animal Sci 1987; 67(1): 217-220.
Luca C, Gerolamo X, Angela T, Radaelli G. Dietary supplementation of butyrate in growing rabbits. Ital J Anim Sci 2010, 4(2): 538-540.
Lückstädt C, Mellor S. The use of organic acids in animal nutrition, with special focus on dietary potassium diformate under European and Austral-Asian conditions RAAN-A 2011; 18: 123-130.
Lückstädt C, Wylie L, Remmer R, Kok R, Costa HR, Brebels M, Falanca S, Dam H, Kinjet M, Horst Y, Orkola S, Heusden C. Organic Acids in Animal Nutrition, Fefana Publication 2014, ISBN 978-2-9601289-2-5.
Papatsiros VG, Christodoulopoulos G, Filippopoulos LC. The use of organic acids in monogastric animals (swine and rabbits). J Cell Anim Biol 2012; 6(10): 154-159.
Polat C, Gürsoy S, Okuyucu B. Yüksek nemli dane mısıra bakteriyel inokulant ilavesinin silolama süresi ve aerobik stabilitesi üzerine etkileri. JOTAF 2022; 19(3): 688-696.
Rathnayake D, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Baek KS, Yang CJ. Time for a paradigm shift in animal nutrition metabolic pathway: dietary ınclusion of organic acids on the production parameters, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality traits of swine and broilers. Life (Basel). 2021; 11(6):476.
Sniffen CJ, Ballard CS, Carter MP, Cotanch KW, Dann HM, Grant RJ, Mandebvu P, Suekawa M, Martin SA. Effects of malic acid on microbial efficiency and metabolism in continuous culture of rumen contents and on performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. Animal Feed Sci Technol 2006; 127: 13-31.
Suiryanrayna MV, Ramana JA. Review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6(1): 45.
Sutton AL, Mathew AG, Scheidt AB, Patterson JA, Kelly DT. Effects of carbohydrate sources and organic acids on intestinal microflora and performance of the weanling pig. In: Proceedings of the 5 th International Symposium on Digestible Physiology in pigs. Wageningen, Netherlands, 24–26 April 1991, Eaap Publication No. 54: 422–427.
Van Immerseel F, Russell JB, Flythe MD, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol 2006; 35(3): 182-188.
Wang C, Liu Q, Yang WZ, Dong Q, Yang XM, He DC, Dong KH, Huang YX. Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Livest Sci 2009; 124(1-3): 182-188.
West JW. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86(6): 2131-2144.
Zhang M, XT Zou, H Li, XY Dong, W Zhao. Effect of dietary γ-aminobutyric acid on laying performance, egg quality, ımmune activity and endocrine hormone in heatstressed roman hens. Anim Sci J 2012; 83 (2): 141–147.
Referanslar
Abbas G, HK Sohail, R Habib-Ur. Effects of Formic Acid Administration in the Drinking Water on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Immune System in Layers during Hot Season. Avian Biol Res 2013; 6 (3): 227–232.
Abecia L, Fondevila M, Balcells J, Belenguer A. Effect of fumaric acid on diet digestibility and the caecal environment of growing rabbits. Anim Res 2005; 54: 493-498.
Adil S, Banday T, Bhat GA, Mir MS, Rehman M. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, intestinal histomorphology, and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:479485.
Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Barkat RA, Gabr AA, Foda MA, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Sabrout K, Elwan HAM, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Michalak I, Di Cerbo A, Dhama K. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:9-29.
Biggs P, Parsons CM. The effects of several organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. Poult Sci 2008;87(12):2581-2589.
Bozkurt M, Kucukyilmaz K, Catli AU, Cinar M. The effect of single or combined dietary supplementation of prebiotics, organic acid, and probiotics on performance and slaughter characteristics of broilers. S Afr J Anim Sci 2009, 39:197-205.
Carro MD, Ranilla MJ, Giráldez FJ, Mantecón AR. Effects of malate on diet digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, plasma metabolites, and performance of growing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Anim Sci J 2006; 84(2):405–410.
Castillo C, Benedito JL, Mendez J, Pereira V, Lopez-Alonso M, Miranda M, Hernandez, J. Organic acids as a substitute for monensin in diets for beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004; 115: 101-116.
Ebeid TA, Al-Homidan IH. Organic acids and their potential role for modulating the gastrointestinal tract, antioxidative status, immune response, and performance in poultry. J World's Poult Sci 2022; 78(1): 83-101.
Emami NK, A Daneshmand, SZ Naeini, EN Graystone, LJ Broom. Effects of commercial organic acid blends on male broilers challenged with E. coli K88: performance, microbiology, ıntestinal morphology, and ımmune response. Poult Sci 2017; 96 (9): 3254–3263.
Gül M, Tekce E. Organik asitler: organik asitler ve hayvan beslemede kullanım alanları. Türkiye Klinikleri J Anim Nutr Nutr Dis-Special Topics 2017; 3(1): 57-63.
He S, Yin Q, Xiong Y, Liu D, Hu H. Effects of dietary fumaric acid on the growth performance, ımmune response, relative weight and antioxidant status of ımmune organs in broilers exposed to chronic heat stress. Czech J Anim Sci 2020b; 65: 104–113.
He S, Ding J, Xiong Y, Liu D, Dai S, Hu H. 2020a. Effects of dietary fumaric acid on growth performance, meat quality, nutrient composition and oxidative status of breast muscle in broilers under chronic heat stress. Europe Poult Sci 2020a; 84, ISSN 1612-9199.
Kara K, Pirci G, Yılmaz S, Baytok E, Yılmaz K. Effects of fumaric and maleic acids on the fermentation, nutrient composition, proteolysis and in vitro ruminal gas of corn silage. Grassl Sci 2022; 68(4): 362-371.
Khalid SM, Shakeel A, Khan RS. The effect of ph and temperature on motility of Listeria species. J Islam Sci 1992; 5(1): 28-31.
Khan A, Mobashar S, Inam M, Khan M, Ahmad N, Itizaz A, Mubarak A, Hamayun K. Effect of different levels of organic acids supplementation on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows during thermal stress. J Agric Sci 2013; 3:762-768.
Khan RU, Chand N, Akbar A. Effect of organic acids on the performance of Japanese quails. Pak J Zool 2016; 48(6): 1799-1803.
Kholif A. E., Gouda A. Gouda, Olurotimi A. Olafadehan, Sobhy M. Sallam, Uchenna Y. Anele, (2025). Chapter 3 - Acidifiers and organic acids in livestock nutrition and health, Editor(s): Mahmoud Alagawany, Sobhy M. Sallam, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Organic Feed Additives for Livestock, Academic Press, Pages 43-56, ISBN 9780443135101.
Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Ergotrope effekte durch organische säuren in der ferkelaufzucht und schweinemast. Übersichten zur Tierernährung 1988; 16: 93-108.
Kum S, Eren U, Önol AG, Sandıkcı M. Effects of dietary organic acid supplementation on the intestinal mucosa in broilers. Revue de Med Vet 2010; 161(10): 463-468.
Lawrence LM, Jaster EH, Wıschover L, Moore KJ, Hıntz HF. Acceptabılıty of alfalfa hay treated wıth an organıc acıd preservatıve for horses. Can J Animal Sci 1987; 67(1): 217-220.
Luca C, Gerolamo X, Angela T, Radaelli G. Dietary supplementation of butyrate in growing rabbits. Ital J Anim Sci 2010, 4(2): 538-540.
Lückstädt C, Mellor S. The use of organic acids in animal nutrition, with special focus on dietary potassium diformate under European and Austral-Asian conditions RAAN-A 2011; 18: 123-130.
Lückstädt C, Wylie L, Remmer R, Kok R, Costa HR, Brebels M, Falanca S, Dam H, Kinjet M, Horst Y, Orkola S, Heusden C. Organic Acids in Animal Nutrition, Fefana Publication 2014, ISBN 978-2-9601289-2-5.
Papatsiros VG, Christodoulopoulos G, Filippopoulos LC. The use of organic acids in monogastric animals (swine and rabbits). J Cell Anim Biol 2012; 6(10): 154-159.
Polat C, Gürsoy S, Okuyucu B. Yüksek nemli dane mısıra bakteriyel inokulant ilavesinin silolama süresi ve aerobik stabilitesi üzerine etkileri. JOTAF 2022; 19(3): 688-696.
Rathnayake D, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Baek KS, Yang CJ. Time for a paradigm shift in animal nutrition metabolic pathway: dietary ınclusion of organic acids on the production parameters, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality traits of swine and broilers. Life (Basel). 2021; 11(6):476.
Sniffen CJ, Ballard CS, Carter MP, Cotanch KW, Dann HM, Grant RJ, Mandebvu P, Suekawa M, Martin SA. Effects of malic acid on microbial efficiency and metabolism in continuous culture of rumen contents and on performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. Animal Feed Sci Technol 2006; 127: 13-31.
Suiryanrayna MV, Ramana JA. Review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6(1): 45.
Sutton AL, Mathew AG, Scheidt AB, Patterson JA, Kelly DT. Effects of carbohydrate sources and organic acids on intestinal microflora and performance of the weanling pig. In: Proceedings of the 5 th International Symposium on Digestible Physiology in pigs. Wageningen, Netherlands, 24–26 April 1991, Eaap Publication No. 54: 422–427.
Van Immerseel F, Russell JB, Flythe MD, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol 2006; 35(3): 182-188.
Wang C, Liu Q, Yang WZ, Dong Q, Yang XM, He DC, Dong KH, Huang YX. Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Livest Sci 2009; 124(1-3): 182-188.
West JW. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86(6): 2131-2144.
Zhang M, XT Zou, H Li, XY Dong, W Zhao. Effect of dietary γ-aminobutyric acid on laying performance, egg quality, ımmune activity and endocrine hormone in heatstressed roman hens. Anim Sci J 2012; 83 (2): 141–147.
