Bitkisel Etken Maddeler

Kanber  Kara

doi:10.37609/akya.3790

Yazarlar

Kanber Kara

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-1344

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.3790.c135

Özet

Bitkisel biyoaktif bileşikler (etken maddeler), bitkilerde sentezlenen ancak büyüme ve üreme gibi temel süreçlerde doğrudan rol almayan sekonder metabolitlerdir. Bu maddeler; zararlılara, hastalıklara, ultraviyole radyasyona ve oksidanlara karşı savunma sağlamakta, ayrıca koku ve renk gibi özelliklerle üreme süreçlerini desteklemektedir. İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkileriyle dikkat çeken bu bileşikler, Türkiye gibi bitki çeşitliliği zengin ülkelerde daha geniş bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ülkemizde yaklaşık 12.000 bitki türü bulunmakta olup 4.000’i endemiktir. Bitkilerde 100.000’den fazla sekonder bileşik tanımlanmış olup, bunların en büyük gruplarını terpenoidler ve alkaloidler oluşturur. Bu bileşiklerin sentezinde kloroplast ve kromoplast gibi plastidler önemli rol oynar. Genel olarak bitkisel biyoaktif bileşikler şu sınıflara ayrılır: alkaloidler; glikozitler (kardiyak glikozitleri, saponinler, fitosteroller/fitostanoller, solaninler, antraglikozidler, glukosinolatlar, acıglikozidler, siyanogenetik ve fenolik glikozitler, karbon glikozitler); fenolik maddeler (basit fenoller, fenilpropanoidler, flavonoidler, tanenler); terpenler (mono-, seski-, di-, tri- ve tetraterpenler/karotenler); kuinonlar ve antrakinonlar. Bu kapsamlı çeşitlilik, bitkilerin ekolojik uyum yeteneklerini ve biyolojik işlevlerini yansıtarak tıp, veteriner hekimliği ve beslenme alanlarında önemli bir araştırma konusu oluşturmaktadır.

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