Probiyotik, Parabiyotik ve Postbiyotikler
Özet
Güncel hayvancılık uygulamalarında antibiyotik büyütme faktörlerinin kullanımının yasaklanması veya sınırlandırılması, alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin önemini artırmış ve bu ürünlerin sürdürülebilir hayvancılıkta stratejik bir araç haline gelmesine yol açmıştır. Bu katkılar yalnızca hayvan performansı ve üretim ekonomisini desteklemekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda gıda güvenliği ile çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından da kritik roller üstlenmektedir. Son yıllarda, hayvan beslemede probiyotik, parabiyotik ve postbiyotiklerin kullanımı giderek artan bir ilgi görmektedir. Bu biyotik ürünlerin bağırsak sağlığını iyileştirme, bağışıklık sistemini destekleme ve yemden yararlanma etkinliğini artırma potansiyeli, onları önemli bir araştırma alanı haline getirmiştir. Probiyotiklerin etkinliğinin yalnızca canlılıkla sınırlı olmadığının anlaşılması, parabiyotikler ve postbiyotikler gibi yeni kavramların gündeme gelmesine katkıda bulunmuş ve araştırma alanını genişletmiştir. Probiyotikler, konakçıya yarar sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalar olarak tanımlanmakta ve bağırsak mikrobiyotasının dengelenmesine, patojenlerin baskılanmasına ve sindirim enzimlerinin aktivitesinin artırılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Parabiyotikler ise canlılık özelliğini yitirmiş, ancak hücre duvarı bileşenleri ve metabolitleri aracılığıyla biyolojik etki gösterebilen inaktif mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotiklere kıyasla daha stabil olmaları ve enfeksiyon riski taşımamaları, onları hayvan besleme uygulamalarında güvenli bir alternatif haline getirmektedir. Postbiyotikler ise probiyotik mikroorganizmaların metabolizma ürünleri veya hücresel bileşenlerinden oluşmakta olup, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve immünomodülatör özellikleri ile dikkat çekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, probiyotik, parabiyotik ve postbiyotiklerin yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı; yemden yararlanmanın iyileştirilmesi, büyüme performansının artırılması, sindirim sağlığının korunması ve gıda güvenliğinin desteklenmesi açısından modern hayvancılıkta stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle söz konusu biyotik ürünler, sürdürülebilir ve güvenilir hayvansal üretim sistemlerinin geliştirilmesinde geleceğe yönelik en umut verici yaklaşımlar arasında değerlendirilmektedir.
Referanslar
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Abd El‐Hack ME, El‐Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Qattan SY, Batiha GE, Khafaga, AF. Probiotics in poultry feed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2020;104(6):1835–50.
Acar Y, Sökülmez Kaya P. Postbiyotikler ve sağlık üzerine etkileri: Sistematik derleme (Postbiotics and their effects on health: Systematic review). J Lit Pharm Sci. 2021; 10(2): 276-84.
Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Farag MR, Sachan S, Karthik K, Dhama K. The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Environ. Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25: 10611–18.
Alawneh JI, Barreto MO, Moore RJ, Soust M, Al-Harbi H, James AS, et al. Systematic review of an intervention: The use of probiotics to improve health and productivity of calves. Pre Vet Med. 2020; 183: 105147.
Anee IJ, Alam S, Begum RA, Shahjahan RM, Khandaker AM. The role of probiotics on animal health and nutrition. JoBAZ. 2021; 82: 52.
Arkadiusz H, Paulina K, Rafał P. Antioxidative activity of probiotics. Arch Med Sci. 2021; 17 (3): 792–04.
Arsène MMJ, Davares AKL, Andreevna SL, Vladimirovich EA, Carime BZ, Marouf R, et al. The use of probiotics in animal feeding for safe production and as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Veterinary World. 2021; 14(2): 319-28.
Artun Y, Ender U. Meta‐analysis to predict the effects of probiotics on meat quality of broiler. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2024; 1-8.
Atılgan C, Karabıyıklı Çiçek Ş. Hayvanların beslenmesinde probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin önemi ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. GBAD. 2021; 10(2): 24-5.
Aydın F. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde postbiyotik ve paraprobiyotiklerin yeri. Mar Life Sci. 2023; 5(1): 26-36.
Azita F, Fatemeh R. The antioxidant activity of Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics. J Food Safe & Hyg. 2020; 6(4): 168-82.
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Barreto MO, Soust M, Moore RJ, Olchowy TW, Alawneh JI. Systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotic use on inflammatory biomarkers and disease prevention in cattle. Pre Vet Med. 2021; 194: 105433.
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Feng T, Wang J. Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review. Gut Microbes. 2020; 12(1); 1801944.
Gaggìa F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B. Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. Int J of Food Microb. 2010; 141: 15-28.
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Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Gregory PJ, Malesker MA. Probiotics: History and evolution. J Anc Dis Prev Rem. 2013; 1(2): 1-7.
Hashem NM, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. The Use of Probiotics for Management and improvement of reproductive eubiosis and function. Nutrients. 2022; 14(4): 902.
Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 11(8): 506-14.
Hosseini SH, Farhangfar A, Moradi M, Dalir-Naghadeh B. Beyond probiotics: Exploring the potential of postbiotics and parabiotics in veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science. 2024; 167: 105133.
Izuddin WI, Humam AM, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA. Dietary Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum improves serum and ruminal antioxidant activity and upregulates hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(3): 250-63.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA, Humam AM. Postbiotic L. plantarum RG14 improves ruminal epithelium growth, immune status and upregulates the intestinal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 9938-48.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Samsudin AA, Foo HL, Humam AM, Shazali N. Effects of postbiotic supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial profile, blood metabolite and GHR, IGF-1 and MCT-1 gene expression in post-weaning lambs. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15: 315-25.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Samsudin AA, Foo HL. In vitro study of postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on rumen fermentation and microbial population. R Bras Zootec. 2018; 47: e20170255.
Jha R, Das R, Oak S, Mishra P. Probiotics (direct-fed microbials) in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, and gut health: A systematic review. Animals. 2020; 10(10); 1863.
Kadam JH, Pawar RS, Din MFM, Zambare V. Advances on Probiotics Utilization in Poultry Health and Nutrition. In : Vasudeo Zambare, Mohd Fadhil Md. Din, Puja Gupta and Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati, editors. Advances in Probiotics for Health and Nutrition. 2023; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113738
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Referanslar
Abd El-Ghany WA. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics: Contemporary and promising natural antibiotics alternatives and their applications in the poultry field. Open Veterinary Journal, 2020; 10(3): 323-30.
Abd El‐Hack ME, El‐Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Qattan SY, Batiha GE, Khafaga, AF. Probiotics in poultry feed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2020;104(6):1835–50.
Acar Y, Sökülmez Kaya P. Postbiyotikler ve sağlık üzerine etkileri: Sistematik derleme (Postbiotics and their effects on health: Systematic review). J Lit Pharm Sci. 2021; 10(2): 276-84.
Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Farag MR, Sachan S, Karthik K, Dhama K. The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Environ. Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25: 10611–18.
Alawneh JI, Barreto MO, Moore RJ, Soust M, Al-Harbi H, James AS, et al. Systematic review of an intervention: The use of probiotics to improve health and productivity of calves. Pre Vet Med. 2020; 183: 105147.
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Arsène MMJ, Davares AKL, Andreevna SL, Vladimirovich EA, Carime BZ, Marouf R, et al. The use of probiotics in animal feeding for safe production and as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Veterinary World. 2021; 14(2): 319-28.
Artun Y, Ender U. Meta‐analysis to predict the effects of probiotics on meat quality of broiler. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2024; 1-8.
Atılgan C, Karabıyıklı Çiçek Ş. Hayvanların beslenmesinde probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin önemi ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. GBAD. 2021; 10(2): 24-5.
Aydın F. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde postbiyotik ve paraprobiyotiklerin yeri. Mar Life Sci. 2023; 5(1): 26-36.
Azita F, Fatemeh R. The antioxidant activity of Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics. J Food Safe & Hyg. 2020; 6(4): 168-82.
Bajagai YS, Klieve AV, Dart PJ, Bryden WL. Probiotics in animal nutrition—production, impact and regulation. In: Makkar HPS, editor. FAO animal production and health paper No. 179. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, Italy; 2016.
Bąkowski M, Kiczorowska B. Probiotic microorganisms and herbs in ruminant nutrition as natural modulators of health and production efficiency. Ann Anim Sci. 2021; 21(1): 3-28.
Barreto MO, Soust M, Moore RJ, Olchowy TW, Alawneh JI. Systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotic use on inflammatory biomarkers and disease prevention in cattle. Pre Vet Med. 2021; 194: 105433.
Beegum F, Chandran A. Postbiotics: A developing notion to application. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research. 2024; 8(9): 148-53.
Begum J, Buyamayum B, Lingaraju MC, Dev K, Biswas A. Probiotics: Role in immunomodulation and consequent effects. Letters in Animal Biology. 2021; 1(1): 01-06.
Bhogoju S, Nahashon S. Recent Advances in probiotic application in animal health and nutrition. Agriculture. 2022; 12(2): 304
Binda S, Hill C, Johansen E, Obis D, Pot B, Sanders ME, et al. Criteria to qualify microorganisms as “probiotic” in foods and dietary supplements. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:1662
Burçak E, Yalçın S. Buzağı beslemede probiyotiklerin kullanımı: The use of probiotics in calf nutrition. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg. 2013; 53(2); 101-14.
Butel MJ. Probiotics, gut microbiota and health. Med Mal Infect. 2014; 44(1): 1-8.
Chaucheyras-Durand F, Durand H. Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. Beneficial microbes. 2010; 1(1): 3-9
Cuevas-González PF, Liceaga AM, Aguilar-Toalá JE. Postbiotics and paraprobiotics: From concepts to applications. Food Res Int. 2020; 136: 109502.
Devadharshini K, Devamugilan C. Probiotics in Ruminants: A comprehensive review of health, production and future frontiers. Chron Aquat Sci. 2024; 1(10): 182-193.
Dışhan A, Gönülalan Z, Dokuzcu D. Mevcut postbiyotik sınıfları ve sağlık etkileşimleri: Current classes of postbiotics and their health interactions. Bes Diy Derg. 2022; 50(1): 83-91
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (EFSA FEEDAP Panel). Safety and efficacy of Probiomix B (Lactobacillus plantarum KKP/593/p and Lactobacillus rhamnosus KKP 825) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening. EFSA J. 2016; 14(2): 4397.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Panel on Biological Hazards (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel). Scientific opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update). EFSA J. 2013; 11(11): 108.
Ezema C. Probiotics in animal production. J Vet Med Anim Health. 2013: 5(11): 308-16.
Feng T, Wang J. Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review. Gut Microbes. 2020; 12(1); 1801944.
Gaggìa F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B. Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. Int J of Food Microb. 2010; 141: 15-28.
Ghimire S, Subedi K, Zhang X, Wu C. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis probiotic in preventing necrotic enteritis in broilers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avian Pathology. 2024; 53(6): 451–6.
Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Gregory PJ, Malesker MA. Probiotics: History and evolution. J Anc Dis Prev Rem. 2013; 1(2): 1-7.
Hashem NM, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. The Use of Probiotics for Management and improvement of reproductive eubiosis and function. Nutrients. 2022; 14(4): 902.
Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 11(8): 506-14.
Hosseini SH, Farhangfar A, Moradi M, Dalir-Naghadeh B. Beyond probiotics: Exploring the potential of postbiotics and parabiotics in veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science. 2024; 167: 105133.
Izuddin WI, Humam AM, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA. Dietary Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum improves serum and ruminal antioxidant activity and upregulates hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(3): 250-63.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA, Humam AM. Postbiotic L. plantarum RG14 improves ruminal epithelium growth, immune status and upregulates the intestinal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 9938-48.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Samsudin AA, Foo HL, Humam AM, Shazali N. Effects of postbiotic supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial profile, blood metabolite and GHR, IGF-1 and MCT-1 gene expression in post-weaning lambs. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15: 315-25.
Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Samsudin AA, Foo HL. In vitro study of postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on rumen fermentation and microbial population. R Bras Zootec. 2018; 47: e20170255.
Jha R, Das R, Oak S, Mishra P. Probiotics (direct-fed microbials) in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, and gut health: A systematic review. Animals. 2020; 10(10); 1863.
Kadam JH, Pawar RS, Din MFM, Zambare V. Advances on Probiotics Utilization in Poultry Health and Nutrition. In : Vasudeo Zambare, Mohd Fadhil Md. Din, Puja Gupta and Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati, editors. Advances in Probiotics for Health and Nutrition. 2023; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113738
Kareem KY, Loh TC, Foo HL, Akit H, Samsudin AA. Effects of dietary postbiotic and inulin on growth performance, IGF1 and GHR mRNA expression, faecal microbiota and volatile fatty acids in broilers. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12: 163.
Kareem KY, Loh TC, Foo HL, Asmara SA, Akit H. Influence of postbiotic RG14 and inulin combination on cecal microbiota, organic acid concentration, and cytokine expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2017: 96; 966-75.
Kober AKMH, Riaz Rajoka MS, Mehwish HM, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Immunomodulation potential of probiotics: A novel strategy for improving livestock health, immunity, and productivity. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(2): 388.
Kulkarni NA, Chethan HS, Srivastava R, Gabbur AB. Role of probiotics in ruminant nutrition as natural modulators of health and productivity of animals in tropical countries: an overview. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022; 54(2): 110.
Lee NK, Park YS, Kang DK, Paik HD. Paraprobiotics: definition, manufacturing methods, and functionality. Food Science and Biotechnology. 2023; 32(14); 1981-91.
Li HY, Zhou DD, Gan RY, Huang SY, Zhao CN, Shang A, et al. Effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2021: 13(9): 3211.
Liu C, Ma N, Feng Y, Zhou M, Li H, Zhang X, Ma X. From probiotics to postbiotics: Concepts and applications. Animal Research and One Health. 2023; 1(1): 92-114.
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