Yağ Asitleri
Özet
Yağ asitleri, metabolik süreçlerde enerji üretimi, hücresel bütünlüğün korunması ve biyolojik sinyal mekanizmalarının düzenlenmesinde temel rol oynayan biyomoleküllerdir. Karbon zincir uzunluğu ve doymuşluk derecesine bağlı olarak sınıflandırılan bu bileşikler, yalnızca yapısal bir unsur değil; aynı zamanda fizyolojik fonksiyonların sürdürülmesinde de kritik öneme sahiptir. Endojen sentezi mümkün olmayan esansiyel yağ asitlerinin beslenme yoluyla temini özellikle hayvan besleme uygulamalarında vazgeçilmezdir. Performans parametreleri açısından yağ asitleri, yemden yararlanma etkinliğini ve büyüme hızını artırarak enerji dengesini optimize etmektedir. Üreme fonksiyonları bağlamında çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri, steroid hormon sentezi, follikül gelişimi ve döl verimi üzerinde düzenleyici etkilere sahiptir. Bağışıklık sistemi üzerine etkileri incelendiğinde, inflamatuvar yanıtların modülasyonu ve patojenlere karşı direncin artırılması dikkat çekmektedir. Bununla birlikte, rasyondaki yağ asidi kompozisyonu, et, süt ve yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünlerin yağ asidi profili ve besinsel kalitesi üzerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle omega-3 yağ asitleri, hayvansal ürünlerin fonksiyonel değerini artırarak insan sağlığına dolaylı katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca bazı yağ asitlerinin antioksidan özellikleri, oksidatif stresin azaltılmasında ve ürün kalitesinin korunmasında önemli bir mekanizma sunmaktadır.
Referanslar
Alagawany, M., El-Kholy, M. S., Abd El-Hack, M. E Productive performance, egg quality, blood constituents, immune functions, and antioxidant parameters in laying hens fed diets with different levels of Yucca schidigera extract. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015; 23(7), 6774–6782.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M.I.,Bhatt, P., Khurana, S.K., Dhama, K. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in poultry nutrition: effect on production performance and health. Animals, 2019; 9(8), 573.
Bellows, R.A., Grings, E.E., Simms, D.D., Geary, T.W., Bergman, J.W. Effects of feeding supplemental fat during gestation to first-calf beef heifers. Prof. Anim. Sci., 2001;17, 81–89.
Burr, G. O., Burr, M. M. On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1930; 86(2), 587-621.
Cieślak A., Kowalczyk J., Czauderna M., Potkański A., Szumacher-Strabel M.: Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe’s milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil. Czech J Anim Sci., 2010; 55, 496-504.
Fabjanowska, J., Kowalczuk-Vasilev, E., Klebaniuk, R., Milewski, S., Gümüş, H. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a nutritional support of the reproductive and immune system of cattle—a review. Animals, 2023; 13(22), 3589.
Garcia, M., Greco, L.F., Favoreto, M.G., Marsola, R.S., Martins, L.T., Bisinotto, R.S. Effect of supplementing fat to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostral fatty acid profile and passive immunity of the newborn calf. J. Dairy Sci., 2014a; 97, 392–405.
Garcia, M.; Greco, L.F.; Favoreto, M.G.; Marsola, R.S.; Wang, D.; Shin, J.H. Effect of supplementing essential fatty acids to pregnant nonlactating Holstein cows and their preweaned calves on calf performance, immune response, and health. J. Dairy Sci., 2014b; 97, 5045–5064.
Herrera-Camacho, J., Soberano-Martinez, A., Duran, K. E. O., Aguilar-Perez, C., Ku-Vera, J. C. Effect of fatty acids on reproductive performance of ruminants. In artificial insemination in farm animals. IntechOpen. June 2011; DOI: 10.5772/16938
Hess, B. W., Moss, G. E., Rule, D. C. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 2008; 86 (14), 188-204.
Jolazadeh, A. R., Mohammadabadi, T., Dehghan-Banadaky, M., Chaji, M., Garcia, M. Effect of supplementation fat during the last 3 weeks of uterine life and the preweaning period on performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, passive immunity and health of the newborn calf. British Journal of Nutrition, 2019; 122(12), 1346-1358.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Ahmed, I., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Özsoy, B., Şerbetçi, I., Riaz, R. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, blood parameters, and gut morphology of Italian quails fed diets containing chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2024; 75 (3), 7903-7916.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Ahsan, U., Özsoy, B., Önk, K. Fatty acid composition of liver and breast meat of quails fed diets containing black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and/or coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds as unsaturated fatty acid sources. Livestock Science, 2019; 223, 164-171.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Yakan, A., Özsoy, B. Changes in serum biochemical and lipid profile, and fatty acid composition of breast meat of broiler chickens fed supplemental grape seed extract. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 2020; 44(2), 182-190.
Khosravinia, H. Effect of dietary supplementation of medium-chain fatty acids on growth performance and prevalence of carcass defects in broiler chickens raised in different stocking densities. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 2015; 24(1),1-97.
Kouba, M., Mourot, J. A review of nutritional effects on fat composition of animal products with special emphasis on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochimie, 2011; 93(1), 13-17.
Kujoana, T. C., Mabelebele, M., Sebola, N. A. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review. Open Agriculture, 2024; 9(1), DOI: 10.1515/opag-2022-0244.
Lucy, M.C.; Staples, C.R.; Michel, F.M. Thatcher, W.W. Effect of feeding calciumsoaps to early postpartum dairy cows on plasma prostaglandin F2α, Luteinizing hormone, and follicular growth. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991; 74(2), 483-489.
Mach, N., Devant, M., Díaz, I., Font-Furnols, M., Oliver, M.A., García, J.A., Bach, A. Increasing the amount of n−3 fatty acids in meat from young Holstein bulls through nutrition. J. Anim. Sci., 2006; 84, 3039–3048.
Markiewicz-Kęszycka, M., Czyżak-Runowska, G., Lipińska, P., Wójtowski, J. Fatty acid profile of milk-a review. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy, 2013; 57(2), 135-139.
Marques, R.S.; Cooke, R.F.; Rodrigues, M.C.; Brandao, A.P.; Schubach, K.M.; Lippolis, K.D. Effects of supplementing calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to late-gestating beef cows on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. J. Anim. Sci., 2017; 95, 5347–5357.
Mayer H.K., Fiechter G.: Physical and chemical characteristics of sheep and goat milk in Austria. Int Dairy J., 2012; 24, 57-63.
Mélo, S. K. M., Diniz, A. I. A., de Lira, V. L., de Oliveira Muniz, S. K., Da Silva, G. R., Manso, H. D. C., Manso Filho, H. CAntioxidant and haematological biomarkers in different groups of horses supplemented with polyunsaturated oil and vitamin E. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2016; 100(5), 852-859.
Monteverde, V., Congiu, F., Vazzana, I., Dara, S., Di Pietro, S., Piccione, G. Serum lipid profile modification related to polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in thoroughbred horses. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2017; 45(1), 615-618.
Oliveira, D. D., Baião, N. C., Cançado, S. V., Grimaldi, R., Souza, M. R., Lara, L. J. C., Lana, A. M. Q. Effects of lipid sources in the diet of laying hens on the fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. Poultry Science, 2010; 89(11), 2484-2490.
Oviedo-Ojeda, M. F., Roque-Jiménez, J. A., Whalin, M., Lee-Rangel, H. A., Relling, A. E. Effect of supplementation with different fatty acid profile to the dam in early gestation and to the offspring on the finishing diet on offspring growth and hypothalamus mRNA expression in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 2021; 99(4), skab064.
Ölmez, M., Şahin, T., Karadağoğlu, Ö., Yörük, M. A., Kara, K., Dalğa, S. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens fed gradually increasing levels of supplemental blueberry extract. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021; 53, 1-8.
Özsoy, B., Karadağoğlu, Ö., Yakan, A., Önk, K., Çelik, E., Şahin, T. The role of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and fecal microflora of laying hens. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2018; 47, e20170159.
Pagan, J. D., Hauss, A. A., Pagan, E. C., Simons, J. L., Waldridge, B. M. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2022; 260(3), 121-128.
Pratik, J., Manwar, S., Khose, K., Wade, M., Gole, M., Langote, G. Effect of medium chain fatty acids as replacement to antibiotics in diets on growth performance and gut health in broiler chicken. Ind. J. Anim. Res. 2021; 55, 894–899.
Prisacaru, A. E. Effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated fatty acids–review. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 2016; 15 (2), 121-129.
Raes, K., Haak, L., Balcaen, A., Claeys, E., Demeyer, D., De Smet. Effect of linseed feeding at similar linoleic acid levels on the fatty acid composition of double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls. Meat Sci. 2004a; 66 (2), 307–315.
Richard, D., Kefi, K., Barbe, U., Bausero, P., Visioli, F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants. Pharmacological Research, 2008; 57(6), 451-455.
Roque-Jiménez, J. A., Rosa-Velázquez, M., Pinos-Rodríguez, J. M., Vicente-Martínez, J. G., Mendoza-Cervantes, G., Flores-Primo, A., Relling, A. E. Role of long chain fatty acids in developmental programming in ruminants. Animals, 2021; 11(3), 762.
Rossi, R., Pastorelli, G., Cannata, S., Corino, C. Recent advances in the use of fatty acids as supplements in pig diets: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010; 162 (1-2), 1-11.
Rouhanipour, H., Sharifi, S. D., Irajian, G. H., Jalal, M. P. The effect of adding L-carnitine to omega-3 fatty acid diets on productive performance, oxidative stability, cholesterol content, and yolk fatty acid profiles in laying hens. Poultry Science, 2022; 101(11), 102106.
Rustan, A. C., Drevon, C. A. Fatty acids: structures and properties. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2005; 1, 1-7.
Saleh, A. A., Ahmed, E. A. M., Ebeid, T. A. The impact of phytoestrogen source supplementation on reproductive performance, plasma profile, yolk fatty acids and antioxidative status in aged laying hens. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2019; 54(6), 846–854.
Santos, J.E.P., Greco, L.F., Garcia, M., Thatcher, W.W., Staples, C.R. The role of specific fatty acids on dairy cattle performance and fertility. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL, USA, 5–6 February 2013.
Scott, T. W., Cook, L. J., Mills, S. C. Protection of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation in ruminants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1971; 48(7), 358-364.
Strzałkowska N., Jóźwik A., Bagnicka E., Krzyżewski J.,Horbańczuk K., Pyzel B., Horbańczuk J.O.: Chemical composition, physical traits and fatty acid profile of goat milk as related to the stage of lactation. Anim Sci Pap Rep, 2009; 27, 311-320.
Swiatkiewicz, S., Arczewska-Wlosek, A., Jozefiak, D. The relationship between dietary fat sources and immune response in poultry and pigs: an updated review. Livestock Science, 2015; 180, 237-246.
Szabó, R. T., Kovács-Weber, M., Zimborán, Á., Kovács, L., Erdélyi, M. Effects of short-and medium-chain fatty acids on production, meat quality, and microbial attributes—a review. Molecules, 2023; 28 (13), 4956.
Van Tran, L., Malla, B. A., Kumar, S., Tyagi, A. K. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male ruminant reproduction—a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2016; 30(5), 622.
Vilchez, C., Touchburn, S. P., Chavez, E. R., Chan, C. W. Effect of feeding palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids to japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica).: 1. Reproductive performance and tissue fatty acids. Poultry Science, 1991; 70 (12), 2484-2493.
Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Chen, Y.; Yang, W.; Zhang, L. Effects of dietary coconut oil as a medium-chain fatty acid source on performance, carcass composition and serum lipids in male broilers. AJAS 2015; 28, 223–230.
Woods, J. D., Richardson, R. I., Nute, G. R., Fisher, A. V., Campo, M. M., Kasapidou, E., Shear, P.R., Enser, M.. Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Science, 2004; 66(1), 21-32.
Woods, V. B., Fearon, A. M. Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: A review. Livestock Science, 2009; 126(1-3), 1-20.
Referanslar
Alagawany, M., El-Kholy, M. S., Abd El-Hack, M. E Productive performance, egg quality, blood constituents, immune functions, and antioxidant parameters in laying hens fed diets with different levels of Yucca schidigera extract. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015; 23(7), 6774–6782.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M.I.,Bhatt, P., Khurana, S.K., Dhama, K. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in poultry nutrition: effect on production performance and health. Animals, 2019; 9(8), 573.
Bellows, R.A., Grings, E.E., Simms, D.D., Geary, T.W., Bergman, J.W. Effects of feeding supplemental fat during gestation to first-calf beef heifers. Prof. Anim. Sci., 2001;17, 81–89.
Burr, G. O., Burr, M. M. On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1930; 86(2), 587-621.
Cieślak A., Kowalczyk J., Czauderna M., Potkański A., Szumacher-Strabel M.: Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe’s milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil. Czech J Anim Sci., 2010; 55, 496-504.
Fabjanowska, J., Kowalczuk-Vasilev, E., Klebaniuk, R., Milewski, S., Gümüş, H. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a nutritional support of the reproductive and immune system of cattle—a review. Animals, 2023; 13(22), 3589.
Garcia, M., Greco, L.F., Favoreto, M.G., Marsola, R.S., Martins, L.T., Bisinotto, R.S. Effect of supplementing fat to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostral fatty acid profile and passive immunity of the newborn calf. J. Dairy Sci., 2014a; 97, 392–405.
Garcia, M.; Greco, L.F.; Favoreto, M.G.; Marsola, R.S.; Wang, D.; Shin, J.H. Effect of supplementing essential fatty acids to pregnant nonlactating Holstein cows and their preweaned calves on calf performance, immune response, and health. J. Dairy Sci., 2014b; 97, 5045–5064.
Herrera-Camacho, J., Soberano-Martinez, A., Duran, K. E. O., Aguilar-Perez, C., Ku-Vera, J. C. Effect of fatty acids on reproductive performance of ruminants. In artificial insemination in farm animals. IntechOpen. June 2011; DOI: 10.5772/16938
Hess, B. W., Moss, G. E., Rule, D. C. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 2008; 86 (14), 188-204.
Jolazadeh, A. R., Mohammadabadi, T., Dehghan-Banadaky, M., Chaji, M., Garcia, M. Effect of supplementation fat during the last 3 weeks of uterine life and the preweaning period on performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, passive immunity and health of the newborn calf. British Journal of Nutrition, 2019; 122(12), 1346-1358.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Ahmed, I., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Özsoy, B., Şerbetçi, I., Riaz, R. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, blood parameters, and gut morphology of Italian quails fed diets containing chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2024; 75 (3), 7903-7916.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Ahsan, U., Özsoy, B., Önk, K. Fatty acid composition of liver and breast meat of quails fed diets containing black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and/or coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds as unsaturated fatty acid sources. Livestock Science, 2019; 223, 164-171.
Karadağoğlu, Ö., Şahin, T., Ölmez, M., Yakan, A., Özsoy, B. Changes in serum biochemical and lipid profile, and fatty acid composition of breast meat of broiler chickens fed supplemental grape seed extract. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 2020; 44(2), 182-190.
Khosravinia, H. Effect of dietary supplementation of medium-chain fatty acids on growth performance and prevalence of carcass defects in broiler chickens raised in different stocking densities. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 2015; 24(1),1-97.
Kouba, M., Mourot, J. A review of nutritional effects on fat composition of animal products with special emphasis on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochimie, 2011; 93(1), 13-17.
Kujoana, T. C., Mabelebele, M., Sebola, N. A. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review. Open Agriculture, 2024; 9(1), DOI: 10.1515/opag-2022-0244.
Lucy, M.C.; Staples, C.R.; Michel, F.M. Thatcher, W.W. Effect of feeding calciumsoaps to early postpartum dairy cows on plasma prostaglandin F2α, Luteinizing hormone, and follicular growth. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991; 74(2), 483-489.
Mach, N., Devant, M., Díaz, I., Font-Furnols, M., Oliver, M.A., García, J.A., Bach, A. Increasing the amount of n−3 fatty acids in meat from young Holstein bulls through nutrition. J. Anim. Sci., 2006; 84, 3039–3048.
Markiewicz-Kęszycka, M., Czyżak-Runowska, G., Lipińska, P., Wójtowski, J. Fatty acid profile of milk-a review. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy, 2013; 57(2), 135-139.
Marques, R.S.; Cooke, R.F.; Rodrigues, M.C.; Brandao, A.P.; Schubach, K.M.; Lippolis, K.D. Effects of supplementing calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to late-gestating beef cows on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. J. Anim. Sci., 2017; 95, 5347–5357.
Mayer H.K., Fiechter G.: Physical and chemical characteristics of sheep and goat milk in Austria. Int Dairy J., 2012; 24, 57-63.
Mélo, S. K. M., Diniz, A. I. A., de Lira, V. L., de Oliveira Muniz, S. K., Da Silva, G. R., Manso, H. D. C., Manso Filho, H. CAntioxidant and haematological biomarkers in different groups of horses supplemented with polyunsaturated oil and vitamin E. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2016; 100(5), 852-859.
Monteverde, V., Congiu, F., Vazzana, I., Dara, S., Di Pietro, S., Piccione, G. Serum lipid profile modification related to polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in thoroughbred horses. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2017; 45(1), 615-618.
Oliveira, D. D., Baião, N. C., Cançado, S. V., Grimaldi, R., Souza, M. R., Lara, L. J. C., Lana, A. M. Q. Effects of lipid sources in the diet of laying hens on the fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. Poultry Science, 2010; 89(11), 2484-2490.
Oviedo-Ojeda, M. F., Roque-Jiménez, J. A., Whalin, M., Lee-Rangel, H. A., Relling, A. E. Effect of supplementation with different fatty acid profile to the dam in early gestation and to the offspring on the finishing diet on offspring growth and hypothalamus mRNA expression in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 2021; 99(4), skab064.
Ölmez, M., Şahin, T., Karadağoğlu, Ö., Yörük, M. A., Kara, K., Dalğa, S. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens fed gradually increasing levels of supplemental blueberry extract. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021; 53, 1-8.
Özsoy, B., Karadağoğlu, Ö., Yakan, A., Önk, K., Çelik, E., Şahin, T. The role of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and fecal microflora of laying hens. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2018; 47, e20170159.
Pagan, J. D., Hauss, A. A., Pagan, E. C., Simons, J. L., Waldridge, B. M. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2022; 260(3), 121-128.
Pratik, J., Manwar, S., Khose, K., Wade, M., Gole, M., Langote, G. Effect of medium chain fatty acids as replacement to antibiotics in diets on growth performance and gut health in broiler chicken. Ind. J. Anim. Res. 2021; 55, 894–899.
Prisacaru, A. E. Effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated fatty acids–review. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 2016; 15 (2), 121-129.
Raes, K., Haak, L., Balcaen, A., Claeys, E., Demeyer, D., De Smet. Effect of linseed feeding at similar linoleic acid levels on the fatty acid composition of double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls. Meat Sci. 2004a; 66 (2), 307–315.
Richard, D., Kefi, K., Barbe, U., Bausero, P., Visioli, F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants. Pharmacological Research, 2008; 57(6), 451-455.
Roque-Jiménez, J. A., Rosa-Velázquez, M., Pinos-Rodríguez, J. M., Vicente-Martínez, J. G., Mendoza-Cervantes, G., Flores-Primo, A., Relling, A. E. Role of long chain fatty acids in developmental programming in ruminants. Animals, 2021; 11(3), 762.
Rossi, R., Pastorelli, G., Cannata, S., Corino, C. Recent advances in the use of fatty acids as supplements in pig diets: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010; 162 (1-2), 1-11.
Rouhanipour, H., Sharifi, S. D., Irajian, G. H., Jalal, M. P. The effect of adding L-carnitine to omega-3 fatty acid diets on productive performance, oxidative stability, cholesterol content, and yolk fatty acid profiles in laying hens. Poultry Science, 2022; 101(11), 102106.
Rustan, A. C., Drevon, C. A. Fatty acids: structures and properties. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2005; 1, 1-7.
Saleh, A. A., Ahmed, E. A. M., Ebeid, T. A. The impact of phytoestrogen source supplementation on reproductive performance, plasma profile, yolk fatty acids and antioxidative status in aged laying hens. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2019; 54(6), 846–854.
Santos, J.E.P., Greco, L.F., Garcia, M., Thatcher, W.W., Staples, C.R. The role of specific fatty acids on dairy cattle performance and fertility. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL, USA, 5–6 February 2013.
Scott, T. W., Cook, L. J., Mills, S. C. Protection of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation in ruminants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1971; 48(7), 358-364.
Strzałkowska N., Jóźwik A., Bagnicka E., Krzyżewski J.,Horbańczuk K., Pyzel B., Horbańczuk J.O.: Chemical composition, physical traits and fatty acid profile of goat milk as related to the stage of lactation. Anim Sci Pap Rep, 2009; 27, 311-320.
Swiatkiewicz, S., Arczewska-Wlosek, A., Jozefiak, D. The relationship between dietary fat sources and immune response in poultry and pigs: an updated review. Livestock Science, 2015; 180, 237-246.
Szabó, R. T., Kovács-Weber, M., Zimborán, Á., Kovács, L., Erdélyi, M. Effects of short-and medium-chain fatty acids on production, meat quality, and microbial attributes—a review. Molecules, 2023; 28 (13), 4956.
Van Tran, L., Malla, B. A., Kumar, S., Tyagi, A. K. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male ruminant reproduction—a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2016; 30(5), 622.
Vilchez, C., Touchburn, S. P., Chavez, E. R., Chan, C. W. Effect of feeding palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids to japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica).: 1. Reproductive performance and tissue fatty acids. Poultry Science, 1991; 70 (12), 2484-2493.
Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Chen, Y.; Yang, W.; Zhang, L. Effects of dietary coconut oil as a medium-chain fatty acid source on performance, carcass composition and serum lipids in male broilers. AJAS 2015; 28, 223–230.
Woods, J. D., Richardson, R. I., Nute, G. R., Fisher, A. V., Campo, M. M., Kasapidou, E., Shear, P.R., Enser, M.. Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Science, 2004; 66(1), 21-32.
Woods, V. B., Fearon, A. M. Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: A review. Livestock Science, 2009; 126(1-3), 1-20.
