Amino Asitler
Özet
Amino asitler yapısında amino (NH4) ve karboksil (COOH) fonksiyonel gruplarını barındıran ve yan zincirlerinde yer alan değişken (R) grup sayesinde farklı yapılar, farklı elektron yükleri, suda farklı çözünürlükler gibi farklı biyokimyasal işlev gösteren organik bileşiklerdir. Organizmanın yem ile aldığı azotun atılan azottan daha fazla olması pozitif azot dengesini; bu durumun tam tersi ise negatif azot dengesini oluşturur. Negatif azot dengesi açlık ve yetersiz beslenme başta olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıklarda da meydana gelebilmektedir. Hayvanların diyetlerinde amino asitlerin olmaması veya yetersiz bulunması bazı metabolizma bozuklukları ve hastalıklara sebep olabilmektedir. Amino asitler, polipeptidlerin ve proteinlerin kimyasal yapı taşını oluşturmalarının yanı sıra protein sentezi için aktivasyon sağlarlar. Amino asitlerin canlı organizmada çeşitli görevleri vardır. DNA ve gen ekspresyonunda görev alırlar. Hücreler arası sinyalin iletilmesini sağlayan moleküler yapıların düzenleyicisidirler. Enerji metabolizmasında görev alırlar. Sindirim sisteminde görev yaparlar. Organizmada dokuların büyümesini ve onarımını sağlayarak otofaji gibi biyokimyasal olayları engellerler. Endokrin sistemde düzenleyicidirler. Apoptozis ve yaşlanma olaylarını düzenlerler. İştahı ve vücut kompozisyonunu etkileyerek kas, yağ ve kemik kütlelerinin dengesini, asit-baz dengesini düzenlerler. sitokin ve antikor üretimi gibi bağışıklık yanıtlarının düzenlenmesinde rol alarak enfeksiyöz hastalıklara karşı koruma sağlarlar. Dişi ve erkek üreme sisteminin düzenlenmesini, fötüsün büyüme ve gelişmesini sağlarlar. Antioksidatif reaksiyonların düzenlenmesinde görev alırlar. Kolajen sentezi ve hücre dışı matriksin yeniden düzenlenmesinde görev alırlar. Ruminant, tek mideli ve kanatlı hayvanların beslenmelerinde katkı maddesi olarak yaklaşık 20 esansiyel amino asit kullanılmakla birlikte en yaygın olarak kullanılanları lizin ve metiyonindir.
Referanslar
Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Yatoo Mohd I, Karthik K, Dhama K. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2020; 41(1): 1–29.
Ammerman CB, Baker DP, Lewis AJ, eds. Bioavailability of nutrients for animals: amino acids, minerals, vitamins. 1st ed. Academic Press; 1995.
Anastassiadis S. L-Lysine fermentation. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2007; 1(1): 11-24.
Arginine Deficiency in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. https://cats.com/arginine-deficiency-in-cats. Erişim tarihi: 05.07.2025.
Baker DH. Advances in protein-amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 2009; 37(1): 29-41.
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S et al. Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of concentrated liquid L-lysine, L-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid L-lysine monohydrochloride produced by Escherichia coli NITE BP-02917 for all animal species. EFSA J 2022; 20(10): 7613.
Bayşu Sözbilir N, Bayşu N. Biyokimya. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri 2008.
Bello UA, Idrus Z, Goh Y, Awad E, Soleimani Farjam A. Gut microbiota and transportation stress response affected by tryptophan supplementation in broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci 2018;17(1):107-113.
Bernal L, Tavernari F, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT. Digestible lysine requirements of broilers. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2014; 16(1): 49-54.
Bioinformatics. https://www.bioinformatics.org/tutorial/1-3.html. Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2025.
Bockisch F, Taubert J, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Protein Evaluation of Feedstuffs for Horses. Animals, 2023; 13(16): 2624.
Chattopadhyay K, Mondal MK, Roy B. Comparative efficacy of dl-methionine and herbal methionine on performance of broiler chicken. Int J Poultry Sci 2006; 5(11): 1034-1039.
Denise R. Ferrier, Emine Ercikan Abalı, Susan D. Cline, David S. Franklin, Susan M. Viselli. Lippincott Biyokimya: Görsel Anlatımlı Çalışma Kitapları. 8. Baskı. Çeviri editörü: Prof. Dr. Engin Ulukaya. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; Eylül 2024. 640 s.
Do Cats Need High-Protein Cat Food? https://www.petmd.com/cat/nutrition/do-cats-need-high-protein-cat-food. Erişim tarihi: 05.07.2025.
Fagundes NS, Milfort MC, Williams SM, Da Costa MJ, Fuller AL, Menten JF, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Dietary methionine level alters growth, digestibility, and gene expression of amino acid transporters in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99(1): 67-75.
FEDIAF. Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. Brussels, Belgium: FEDIAF; July 2024.
Foodcom. Lysine and its applications in animal nutrition. https://foodcom.pl/en/lysine-and-its-applications-in-animalnutrition/#:~:text=Lysine%20is%20added%20to%20feed, growth%20 or%20 increase%20milk%20production. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Forageplus. The Importance and Benefits of Lysine for your horse. The Importance And Benefits Of Lysine For Your Horse | Forageplus. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025
Fouad AM, El-Senousey HK, Ruan D, Wang S, Xia W, Zheng C. Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105(6): 1146-53.
Gibbs PG, Potter GD. Review: Concepts in protein digestion and amino acid requirements of young horses. PAS 2002; 18: 295-301.
Gibbs PG, Potter GD, Schelling GT, Kreider JL, Boyd CL. The significance of small vs large intestinal digestion of cereal grain and oilseed protein in the equine. JEVS 1996; 16(2): 60-5.
Graham-Thiers PM, Kronfeld DS. Amino acid supplementation improves muscle mass in aged and young horses. Anim Sci J 2005; 83(12): 2783-2788.
Hayes KC, Carey RE, Schmidt SY. Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat. Science 1975; 188(4191): 949-951.
Hayes KC, Trautwein EA. Taurine deficiency syndrome in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1989; 19(3): 403-413
Krehbiel CR. Invited review: applied nutrition of ruminants: fermentation and digestive physiology 1. PAS 2014; 30(2): 129-139.
Lapierre H, Holtrop G, Calder AG, Renaud J, Lobley GE. Is d-methionine bioavailable to the dairy cow? JDS 2012; 95(1): 353-362.
Levillain O, Parvy P, Hus-Citharel A. Arginine metabolism in cat kidney. J Physiol 1996; 491(2): 471-477.
Li P, Wu G. Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in domestic cats and dogs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:19.
Lin J, Jing H, Wang J, Lucien-Cabaraux JF, Yang K, Liu W and Li X. Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396053.
MadBarn. Threonine. https://madbarn.com/product/threonine/. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Mitsuhashi S. Current topics in the biotechnological production of essential amino acids, functional amino acids, and dipeptides. COBIOT 2014; 26: 38-44.
Mok CH, Urschel KL. Amino acid requirements in horses. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2020; 33(5): 679-695.
Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 2002; 15(1): 153-168.
Müting D, Kalk JF, Klein CP. Long-term effectiveness of high-dosed ornithine-aspartate on urea synthesis rate and portal hypertension in human liver cirrhosis. Amino Acids 1992; 3(2): 147-153.
National Research Council, 1949. Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Horses. National Academy of Sciences Publication, Washington DC.
National Research Council, 2007, Nutrient Requirements of Horses, sixth ed. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Pangoo Feed Additives. https://www.pangoo.biz/lysine-for-animal-feed-an-in-depth-guide-to-supplementation-in-animal/#toc-item-1. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Paßlack N, Kohn B, Zentek J. Effects of arginine and ornithine supplementation to a high-protein diet on selected cellular immune variables in adult cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34(2): 852-456.
Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. Protein source and intake effects on diet digestibility and N excretion in horses-a risk of environmental N load of horses. Animals, 2021; 11(12): 3568.
Schwab CG, Ordway RS. Methionine supplementation options. In Proc Four-State Applied Nutrition Conference: Paper (Vol. 2), 2003.
Shewita RS, El-Katcha MI, Ahmed HA. Growth performance, immune response and carcass status of broiler chickens fed diets containing different sources of methionine. Alexandria J Vet Sci. 2018;58(1):31-39.
Silva EP, Malheiros EB, Sakomura NK, et al. Lysine requirements of laying hens. Livest Sci 2015; 173: 69-77.
Stratton S A. Whole-body protein metabolism in mature and growing horses receiving predominantly forage diets. Theses and Dissertations. Animal and Food Sciences, 2018, 95.
Urschel KL, Lawrence LM. Amino acids and protein. In Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition: Health, Welfare and Performance, 2013; (pp. 113-135) https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3422-0.00006-7
Vikipedi. Alanin. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanin. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Vikipedi. Lizin. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizin. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Weekes TL, Luimes PH, Cant JP. Responses to amino acid imbalances and deficiencies in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89(6): 2177-2187.
Wen J, Helmbrecht A, Elliot MA, Thomson J, Persia ME. Evaluation of the tryptophan requirement of small-framed first cycle laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98(3): 1263-1271.
Wilfred NJ, Queen PM, Grace MT, Louis TT. Effect of dietary methionine to crude protein ratio on performance of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100350.
Wu G, Bazer F, Dai Z, Li D, Wang J, Wu Z. Amino Acid Nutrition in Animals: Protein Synthesis and Beyond. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2014; 2(1): 387-417.
Wu G. Amino acids: biochemistry and nutrition. CRC press, 2021.
Referanslar
Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Yatoo Mohd I, Karthik K, Dhama K. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2020; 41(1): 1–29.
Ammerman CB, Baker DP, Lewis AJ, eds. Bioavailability of nutrients for animals: amino acids, minerals, vitamins. 1st ed. Academic Press; 1995.
Anastassiadis S. L-Lysine fermentation. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2007; 1(1): 11-24.
Arginine Deficiency in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. https://cats.com/arginine-deficiency-in-cats. Erişim tarihi: 05.07.2025.
Baker DH. Advances in protein-amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 2009; 37(1): 29-41.
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S et al. Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of concentrated liquid L-lysine, L-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid L-lysine monohydrochloride produced by Escherichia coli NITE BP-02917 for all animal species. EFSA J 2022; 20(10): 7613.
Bayşu Sözbilir N, Bayşu N. Biyokimya. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri 2008.
Bello UA, Idrus Z, Goh Y, Awad E, Soleimani Farjam A. Gut microbiota and transportation stress response affected by tryptophan supplementation in broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci 2018;17(1):107-113.
Bernal L, Tavernari F, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT. Digestible lysine requirements of broilers. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2014; 16(1): 49-54.
Bioinformatics. https://www.bioinformatics.org/tutorial/1-3.html. Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2025.
Bockisch F, Taubert J, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Protein Evaluation of Feedstuffs for Horses. Animals, 2023; 13(16): 2624.
Chattopadhyay K, Mondal MK, Roy B. Comparative efficacy of dl-methionine and herbal methionine on performance of broiler chicken. Int J Poultry Sci 2006; 5(11): 1034-1039.
Denise R. Ferrier, Emine Ercikan Abalı, Susan D. Cline, David S. Franklin, Susan M. Viselli. Lippincott Biyokimya: Görsel Anlatımlı Çalışma Kitapları. 8. Baskı. Çeviri editörü: Prof. Dr. Engin Ulukaya. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; Eylül 2024. 640 s.
Do Cats Need High-Protein Cat Food? https://www.petmd.com/cat/nutrition/do-cats-need-high-protein-cat-food. Erişim tarihi: 05.07.2025.
Fagundes NS, Milfort MC, Williams SM, Da Costa MJ, Fuller AL, Menten JF, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Dietary methionine level alters growth, digestibility, and gene expression of amino acid transporters in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99(1): 67-75.
FEDIAF. Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. Brussels, Belgium: FEDIAF; July 2024.
Foodcom. Lysine and its applications in animal nutrition. https://foodcom.pl/en/lysine-and-its-applications-in-animalnutrition/#:~:text=Lysine%20is%20added%20to%20feed, growth%20 or%20 increase%20milk%20production. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Forageplus. The Importance and Benefits of Lysine for your horse. The Importance And Benefits Of Lysine For Your Horse | Forageplus. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025
Fouad AM, El-Senousey HK, Ruan D, Wang S, Xia W, Zheng C. Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105(6): 1146-53.
Gibbs PG, Potter GD. Review: Concepts in protein digestion and amino acid requirements of young horses. PAS 2002; 18: 295-301.
Gibbs PG, Potter GD, Schelling GT, Kreider JL, Boyd CL. The significance of small vs large intestinal digestion of cereal grain and oilseed protein in the equine. JEVS 1996; 16(2): 60-5.
Graham-Thiers PM, Kronfeld DS. Amino acid supplementation improves muscle mass in aged and young horses. Anim Sci J 2005; 83(12): 2783-2788.
Hayes KC, Carey RE, Schmidt SY. Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat. Science 1975; 188(4191): 949-951.
Hayes KC, Trautwein EA. Taurine deficiency syndrome in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1989; 19(3): 403-413
Krehbiel CR. Invited review: applied nutrition of ruminants: fermentation and digestive physiology 1. PAS 2014; 30(2): 129-139.
Lapierre H, Holtrop G, Calder AG, Renaud J, Lobley GE. Is d-methionine bioavailable to the dairy cow? JDS 2012; 95(1): 353-362.
Levillain O, Parvy P, Hus-Citharel A. Arginine metabolism in cat kidney. J Physiol 1996; 491(2): 471-477.
Li P, Wu G. Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in domestic cats and dogs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:19.
Lin J, Jing H, Wang J, Lucien-Cabaraux JF, Yang K, Liu W and Li X. Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396053.
MadBarn. Threonine. https://madbarn.com/product/threonine/. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Mitsuhashi S. Current topics in the biotechnological production of essential amino acids, functional amino acids, and dipeptides. COBIOT 2014; 26: 38-44.
Mok CH, Urschel KL. Amino acid requirements in horses. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2020; 33(5): 679-695.
Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 2002; 15(1): 153-168.
Müting D, Kalk JF, Klein CP. Long-term effectiveness of high-dosed ornithine-aspartate on urea synthesis rate and portal hypertension in human liver cirrhosis. Amino Acids 1992; 3(2): 147-153.
National Research Council, 1949. Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Horses. National Academy of Sciences Publication, Washington DC.
National Research Council, 2007, Nutrient Requirements of Horses, sixth ed. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Pangoo Feed Additives. https://www.pangoo.biz/lysine-for-animal-feed-an-in-depth-guide-to-supplementation-in-animal/#toc-item-1. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Paßlack N, Kohn B, Zentek J. Effects of arginine and ornithine supplementation to a high-protein diet on selected cellular immune variables in adult cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34(2): 852-456.
Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. Protein source and intake effects on diet digestibility and N excretion in horses-a risk of environmental N load of horses. Animals, 2021; 11(12): 3568.
Schwab CG, Ordway RS. Methionine supplementation options. In Proc Four-State Applied Nutrition Conference: Paper (Vol. 2), 2003.
Shewita RS, El-Katcha MI, Ahmed HA. Growth performance, immune response and carcass status of broiler chickens fed diets containing different sources of methionine. Alexandria J Vet Sci. 2018;58(1):31-39.
Silva EP, Malheiros EB, Sakomura NK, et al. Lysine requirements of laying hens. Livest Sci 2015; 173: 69-77.
Stratton S A. Whole-body protein metabolism in mature and growing horses receiving predominantly forage diets. Theses and Dissertations. Animal and Food Sciences, 2018, 95.
Urschel KL, Lawrence LM. Amino acids and protein. In Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition: Health, Welfare and Performance, 2013; (pp. 113-135) https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3422-0.00006-7
Vikipedi. Alanin. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanin. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Vikipedi. Lizin. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizin. Erişim tarihi: 29.06.2025.
Weekes TL, Luimes PH, Cant JP. Responses to amino acid imbalances and deficiencies in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89(6): 2177-2187.
Wen J, Helmbrecht A, Elliot MA, Thomson J, Persia ME. Evaluation of the tryptophan requirement of small-framed first cycle laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98(3): 1263-1271.
Wilfred NJ, Queen PM, Grace MT, Louis TT. Effect of dietary methionine to crude protein ratio on performance of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100350.
Wu G, Bazer F, Dai Z, Li D, Wang J, Wu Z. Amino Acid Nutrition in Animals: Protein Synthesis and Beyond. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2014; 2(1): 387-417.
Wu G. Amino acids: biochemistry and nutrition. CRC press, 2021.
