D Vitamini
Özet
Bu bölümde, çiftlik hayvanlarında D vitamininin metabolizması, kaynakları ve fizyolojik etkileri kapsamlı biçimde ele alınmaktadır. D vitamininin kalsiyum ve fosfor metabolizmasındaki temel rolünün yanı sıra, bağışıklık sistemi, kas ve yağ dokusu, kardiyovasküler sistem ve enerji metabolizması üzerine çok yönlü etkileri vurgulanmaktadır. Kanatlılarda büyüme performansı, kemik sağlığı ve yumurta kalitesi; ruminantlarda ise süt verimi, reprodüksyon, bağışık yanıt ve metabolik hastalıkların önlenmesi açısından önemi bir dizi örnekle açıklanmıştır. Özellikle 25-hidroksivitamin D3 (25-OHD3) formunun biyoyararlanımı ve etkinliği üzerinde durulmuş, düşük dozlarının dahi verdiği olumlu sonuçlar bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan vitamin D3’ün depolama sırasında sıcaklık, ışık ve oksidatif etkenlere karşı duyarlılığı; yağ bazlı formülasyon, antioksidan ilavesi ve mikroenkapsülasyon gibi yaklaşımlarla korunabileceği ayrıntılı şekilde tartışılmıştır. Avrupa’da insanlarda görülen yaygın D vitamini yetersizliği dikkate alındığında, hayvan besleme yaklaşımlarıyla hayvansal ürünlerin vitamin D içeriğinin zenginleştirilmesinin, halk sağlığına da dolaylı katkı sağlayabileceği açıktır. Sonuç olarak, D vitamini hayvan sağlığı ve performansı açısından kritik bir mikro besin maddesi olup, modern hayvancılıkta stratejik bir yem katkısı olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Referanslar
Abbasi T, Shakeri M, Zaghari M, Kohram. Growth performance parameters, bone calcification and immune response of in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and vitamin K 3 in male ross 308 broilers. Theriogenology, 2017;90:260–265.
Atencio A, Edwards HM, Pesti, GM, Ware GO. The vitamin D3 requirement of broiler breeders. Poultry science, 2006; 85(4):674–692.
Babazadeh D, Razavi S, El-Ghany W, Cotter P. Vitamin D deficiency in farm animals: a review. Farm Animal Health and Nutrition, 2022; 1(1):10-16.
Baker DH, Stein HH. Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins in feedstuffs. In Sustainable Swine Nutrition, L.I. Chiba (Ed.)., 2013; 341-364.
Bar A, Vax E, Striem S. Relationships among age, eggshell thickness and vitamin D metabolism and its expression in the laying hen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 1999; 123(2):147–154.
Barnkob LL, Argyraki A, Jakobsen J. Naturally enhanced eggs as a source of vitamin D: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2020; 102, 62–70.
Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in protection against bacterial infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2008; 17:348–352.
Bofill L, De Sande D, Barbas R, Prohens R. A new and highly stable cocrystal of vitamin D3 for use in enhanced food supplements. Crystal Growth & Design, 2021; 21(3):1418–1423.
Browning LC, Cowieson AJ. Vitamin D fortification of eggs for human health. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2014; 94(7):1389–1396.
Casas E, Lippolis JD, Kuehn LA, Reinhardt TA. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status of beef cattle reared in the central United States" USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty, 2015; 1513.
Castro F, Baião NER, Louzada MF, Melo E, Saldanha M, Triginelli M, Lara L. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and reduced vitamin D3 level on broiler performance and bone quality. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2018;47. 10.1590/rbz4720170186.
Chen C, Turner B, Applegate TJ, Litta G, Kim WK. Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on laying hen bone 3-dimensional structural development. Poultry Science, 2020; 99(11):5771–5782.
Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiological Reviews, 2016; 96(1):365–408.
Diarrassouba F, Garrait G, Remondetto G, Alvarez P, Beyssac E, Subirade M. Improved bioavailability of vitamin D3 using a β-lactoglobulin-based coagulum. Food chemistry, 2015, 172: 361–367.
Driver JP, Atencio A, Pesti GM, Edwards HM, Bakalli RI. The effect of maternal dietary vitamin D3 supplementation on performance and tibial dyschondroplasia of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 2006; 85(1):39–47.
Duffy SK, O’Doherty JV, Rajauria G, Clarke LC, Cashman KD, Hayes A, O’Grady MN, Kerry JP, Kelly AK. Cholecalciferol supplementation of heifer diets increases beef vitamin D concentration and improves beef tenderness. Meat Science, 2017; 134: 103–110.
Duffy SK, Rajauria G, Clarke LC, Kelly AK, Cashman KD, O’Doherty JV. The potential of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 enriched diets in laying hens, to improve egg vitamin D content and antioxidant availability. Innovative Food Science& Emerging Technologies, 2017b; 44:109–116.
EFSA. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) for several animal species. EFSA Journal, 2013;11(7):3289.
Fatemi SA, Macklin KS, Zhang L, Mousstaaid A, Poudel S, Poudel I, Peebles, ED. Improvement in the immunity and vitamin D3-activity related gene expression of coccidiosis challenged Ross 708 broilers in response to the in ovo injection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2022; 12(19):2517.
Flores-Villalva S, Reid C, Remot A, Gordon SV, Meade KG. Long term dietary vitamin D3 supplementation impacts both microbicidal and inflammatory responses to ex-vivo Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge in dairy calves. Veterinary İmmunology and İmmunopathology, 2023; 258:110575.
Fritts CA, Waldroup PW. Effect of source and level of vitamin D on live performance and bone development in growing broilers1, Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2003; 12(1): 12: 45-52.
Galliera E, Corsi Romanelli MM. Molecular basis of bone diseases. Mol. Pathol., 2018; 627.
Graff IE, Høie S, Totland GK, Lie Ø. Three different levels of dietary vitamin D-3 fed to first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth, mortality, calcium content and bone formation. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2002; 8(2):103–111.
Geng Y, Ma Q, Wang Z, Guo Y. Dietary vitamin D3 supplementation protects laying hens against lipopolysaccharide induced immunological stress. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2018; 15(58):58.
Gómez‐Verduzco G, Morales‐López R, Avila‐Gonzàlez E. Use of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol in diets of broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, immunity and bone calcification. The Journal of Poultry Science, 2013; 50(1):60–64.
Göring H, Koshuchowa S. Vitamin D- the sun hormone. Life in environmental mismatch. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2015; 80:8–20.
Guo J, Jones A, Givens D, Lovegrove J, Kliem K. Effect of dietary vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation on plasma and milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018; 101(4):3545-3553.
Herrmann M, Farrell CJL, Pusceddu I, Fabregat-Cabello N and Cavalier E. Assessment of vitamin D status – a changing landscape. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2017; 55:3–26.
Hnokaew P. Effect of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast supplementation on milk performance and blood chemical profiles in dairy cows. Animal Bioscience, 2023; 36(10): 1536-1545.
Hodnik JJ, Ježek J, Starič J. A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle. The Journal of Dairy Research, 2020; 87(1): 84–87.
Holick, M. F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2017, 18 (2), 153−165
Hymøller L, Jensen SK, Lindqvist H, Johansson B, Nielsen MO, Nadeau E. Supplementing dairy steers and organically managed dairy cows with synthetic vitamin D3 is unnecessary at pasture during exposure to summer sunlight. The Journal of Dairy Research, 2009; 76(3): 372–378.
Institute of Medicine (US). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academies Press (US).
Jakobsen J, Jensen SK, Hymøller L, Wreford Andersen E, Kaas P, Burild A and Jäpelt RB. Short communication: artificial ultraviolet B light exposure increases vitamin D levels in cow plasma and milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015; 98: 6492–6498.
Jing X, Wang Y, Song F, Xu X, Liu M, Wei Y, Zhu H, Liu Y, Wei J, Xu X. A Comparison between vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on laying performance, eggshell quality and ultrastructure, and plasma calcium levels in late period laying hens. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2022;12(20): 2824.
Kochupillai N. The physiology of vitamin D: Current concepts. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2008; 127(3): 256–262.
Leyva-Jimenez H, Khan M, Gardner K, Abdaljaleel RA, Al-Jumaa Y, Alsadwi AM, Bailey CA. Developing a novel oral vitamin D3 intake bioassay to re-evaluate the vitamin D3 requirement for modern broiler chickens. Poultry science, 2019; 98(9): 3770–3776.
Li D, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Zeng Q, Peng, Xuan Y, Zhang K. Effects of Supplementation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 as a vitamin D3 substitute on performance, bone traits, and egg quality of laying hens from 1 day to 72 weeks of age. Agriculture,2023; 13(2): 383.
Liermann W, Halle I, Frahm J, Hüther L, Weigend S, Kühn J, Stangl GI, Dänicke S. Genotype-dependent impact of dietary vitamin D3 on laying hens. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2023; 77:205–227.
Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis, BW, Modlin, RL. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science, 2006; 311(5768):1770–1773.
Luo, Y., Teng, Z., & Wang, Q. (2012). Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(3), 836–843. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204194z
Mason RS, Sequeira VB, Gordon-Thomson C. Vitamin D: the light side of sunshine. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011; 65:986–993.
Mattila P, Piironen V, Hakkarainen T, Hirvi T, Uusi-Rauva E, Eskelinen P. Possibilities to raise vitamin D content of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by elevated feed cholecalciferol contents. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1999; 79 (2): 195–198.
Maurya VK, Aggarwal M. Factors influencing the absorption of vitamin D in GIT: An overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2017; 54(12): 3753–3765.
Montgomery JL, Carr MA, Kerth CR, Hilton GC, Price BP, Galyean ML, Horst RL, Miller MF. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation level on the postmortem tenderization of beef from steers. Journal of Animal Science, 2002; 80(4): 971–981.
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Referanslar
Abbasi T, Shakeri M, Zaghari M, Kohram. Growth performance parameters, bone calcification and immune response of in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and vitamin K 3 in male ross 308 broilers. Theriogenology, 2017;90:260–265.
Atencio A, Edwards HM, Pesti, GM, Ware GO. The vitamin D3 requirement of broiler breeders. Poultry science, 2006; 85(4):674–692.
Babazadeh D, Razavi S, El-Ghany W, Cotter P. Vitamin D deficiency in farm animals: a review. Farm Animal Health and Nutrition, 2022; 1(1):10-16.
Baker DH, Stein HH. Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins in feedstuffs. In Sustainable Swine Nutrition, L.I. Chiba (Ed.)., 2013; 341-364.
Bar A, Vax E, Striem S. Relationships among age, eggshell thickness and vitamin D metabolism and its expression in the laying hen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 1999; 123(2):147–154.
Barnkob LL, Argyraki A, Jakobsen J. Naturally enhanced eggs as a source of vitamin D: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2020; 102, 62–70.
Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in protection against bacterial infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2008; 17:348–352.
Bofill L, De Sande D, Barbas R, Prohens R. A new and highly stable cocrystal of vitamin D3 for use in enhanced food supplements. Crystal Growth & Design, 2021; 21(3):1418–1423.
Browning LC, Cowieson AJ. Vitamin D fortification of eggs for human health. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2014; 94(7):1389–1396.
Casas E, Lippolis JD, Kuehn LA, Reinhardt TA. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status of beef cattle reared in the central United States" USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty, 2015; 1513.
Castro F, Baião NER, Louzada MF, Melo E, Saldanha M, Triginelli M, Lara L. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and reduced vitamin D3 level on broiler performance and bone quality. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2018;47. 10.1590/rbz4720170186.
Chen C, Turner B, Applegate TJ, Litta G, Kim WK. Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on laying hen bone 3-dimensional structural development. Poultry Science, 2020; 99(11):5771–5782.
Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiological Reviews, 2016; 96(1):365–408.
Diarrassouba F, Garrait G, Remondetto G, Alvarez P, Beyssac E, Subirade M. Improved bioavailability of vitamin D3 using a β-lactoglobulin-based coagulum. Food chemistry, 2015, 172: 361–367.
Driver JP, Atencio A, Pesti GM, Edwards HM, Bakalli RI. The effect of maternal dietary vitamin D3 supplementation on performance and tibial dyschondroplasia of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 2006; 85(1):39–47.
Duffy SK, O’Doherty JV, Rajauria G, Clarke LC, Cashman KD, Hayes A, O’Grady MN, Kerry JP, Kelly AK. Cholecalciferol supplementation of heifer diets increases beef vitamin D concentration and improves beef tenderness. Meat Science, 2017; 134: 103–110.
Duffy SK, Rajauria G, Clarke LC, Kelly AK, Cashman KD, O’Doherty JV. The potential of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 enriched diets in laying hens, to improve egg vitamin D content and antioxidant availability. Innovative Food Science& Emerging Technologies, 2017b; 44:109–116.
EFSA. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) for several animal species. EFSA Journal, 2013;11(7):3289.
Fatemi SA, Macklin KS, Zhang L, Mousstaaid A, Poudel S, Poudel I, Peebles, ED. Improvement in the immunity and vitamin D3-activity related gene expression of coccidiosis challenged Ross 708 broilers in response to the in ovo injection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2022; 12(19):2517.
Flores-Villalva S, Reid C, Remot A, Gordon SV, Meade KG. Long term dietary vitamin D3 supplementation impacts both microbicidal and inflammatory responses to ex-vivo Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge in dairy calves. Veterinary İmmunology and İmmunopathology, 2023; 258:110575.
Fritts CA, Waldroup PW. Effect of source and level of vitamin D on live performance and bone development in growing broilers1, Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2003; 12(1): 12: 45-52.
Galliera E, Corsi Romanelli MM. Molecular basis of bone diseases. Mol. Pathol., 2018; 627.
Graff IE, Høie S, Totland GK, Lie Ø. Three different levels of dietary vitamin D-3 fed to first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth, mortality, calcium content and bone formation. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2002; 8(2):103–111.
Geng Y, Ma Q, Wang Z, Guo Y. Dietary vitamin D3 supplementation protects laying hens against lipopolysaccharide induced immunological stress. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2018; 15(58):58.
Gómez‐Verduzco G, Morales‐López R, Avila‐Gonzàlez E. Use of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol in diets of broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, immunity and bone calcification. The Journal of Poultry Science, 2013; 50(1):60–64.
Göring H, Koshuchowa S. Vitamin D- the sun hormone. Life in environmental mismatch. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2015; 80:8–20.
Guo J, Jones A, Givens D, Lovegrove J, Kliem K. Effect of dietary vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation on plasma and milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018; 101(4):3545-3553.
Herrmann M, Farrell CJL, Pusceddu I, Fabregat-Cabello N and Cavalier E. Assessment of vitamin D status – a changing landscape. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2017; 55:3–26.
Hnokaew P. Effect of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast supplementation on milk performance and blood chemical profiles in dairy cows. Animal Bioscience, 2023; 36(10): 1536-1545.
Hodnik JJ, Ježek J, Starič J. A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle. The Journal of Dairy Research, 2020; 87(1): 84–87.
Holick, M. F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2017, 18 (2), 153−165
Hymøller L, Jensen SK, Lindqvist H, Johansson B, Nielsen MO, Nadeau E. Supplementing dairy steers and organically managed dairy cows with synthetic vitamin D3 is unnecessary at pasture during exposure to summer sunlight. The Journal of Dairy Research, 2009; 76(3): 372–378.
Institute of Medicine (US). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academies Press (US).
Jakobsen J, Jensen SK, Hymøller L, Wreford Andersen E, Kaas P, Burild A and Jäpelt RB. Short communication: artificial ultraviolet B light exposure increases vitamin D levels in cow plasma and milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015; 98: 6492–6498.
Jing X, Wang Y, Song F, Xu X, Liu M, Wei Y, Zhu H, Liu Y, Wei J, Xu X. A Comparison between vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on laying performance, eggshell quality and ultrastructure, and plasma calcium levels in late period laying hens. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2022;12(20): 2824.
Kochupillai N. The physiology of vitamin D: Current concepts. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2008; 127(3): 256–262.
Leyva-Jimenez H, Khan M, Gardner K, Abdaljaleel RA, Al-Jumaa Y, Alsadwi AM, Bailey CA. Developing a novel oral vitamin D3 intake bioassay to re-evaluate the vitamin D3 requirement for modern broiler chickens. Poultry science, 2019; 98(9): 3770–3776.
Li D, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Zeng Q, Peng, Xuan Y, Zhang K. Effects of Supplementation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 as a vitamin D3 substitute on performance, bone traits, and egg quality of laying hens from 1 day to 72 weeks of age. Agriculture,2023; 13(2): 383.
Liermann W, Halle I, Frahm J, Hüther L, Weigend S, Kühn J, Stangl GI, Dänicke S. Genotype-dependent impact of dietary vitamin D3 on laying hens. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2023; 77:205–227.
Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis, BW, Modlin, RL. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science, 2006; 311(5768):1770–1773.
Luo, Y., Teng, Z., & Wang, Q. (2012). Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(3), 836–843. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204194z
Mason RS, Sequeira VB, Gordon-Thomson C. Vitamin D: the light side of sunshine. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011; 65:986–993.
Mattila P, Piironen V, Hakkarainen T, Hirvi T, Uusi-Rauva E, Eskelinen P. Possibilities to raise vitamin D content of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by elevated feed cholecalciferol contents. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1999; 79 (2): 195–198.
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