A Vitamini
Özet
A vitamini, bağışıklık, üreme, görme ve et kalitesi üzerinde önemli etkileri bulunan yağda çözünen bir vitamindir. Bitkilerdeki başlıca kaynağı β-karotendir. Hayvansal dokularda ise retinol, retinal ve retinoik asit formlarında bulunur. Karaciğerde depolanan A vitamini, rodopsin pigmentinin sentezinde görev alarak gece görmesini sağlar, bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirir, üreme sağlığını destekler ve antioksidan özellikleriyle hücreleri oksidatif strese karşı korur. Eksikliğinde gece körlüğü, bağışıklık zayıflığı, büyüme geriliği ve üreme bozuklukları ortaya çıkar. Fazla tüketiminde ise hipervitaminoz A’ya yol açarak kemik deformasyonları ve karaciğer hasarı gibi toksik etkiler oluşturur. Ayrıca A vitamini yağ metabolizmasını düzenleyerek kas içi yağ birikimini etkiler ve etin mermerleşme kalitesini belirler. Bu nedenle A vitamini, hayvan beslemede hem sağlık hem de ürün kalitesi açısından hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu kitap bölümünün amacı, A vitamininin bir yem katkı maddesi olarak hayvan beslemedeki rolünü ve rasyonlarda doğru kullanımının önemini vurgulamaktır.
Referanslar
Azzam MM, Hussein AM, Marghani BH, Barakat NM, Khedr MMM, Heakel NA. Retinoic acid potentiates the therapeutic efficiency of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) against cisplatininduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sci Pharm 2022; 90: 58.
Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Regulatory phenomena in the glutathione peroxidase superfamily. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33(7): 498–516.
Bruzelius K, Sundler R, Pagmantidis V, Akesson B. Regulation of selenoprotein mRNA expression by hormones and retinoic acid in bovine mammarycells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010; 24: 251–256.
Chattha KS, Kandasamy S, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive B and T cell responses to a prototype monovalent attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus challenge in a gnotobiotic piglet model. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82966.
Chelstowska S, Widjaja-Adhi M A, Silvaroli JA, Golczak M. Molecular basis for vitamin A uptake and storage in the liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2016; 1862(7): 870–883.
Chew, B. P. Role of carotenoids in the immune response. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76(9): 2804–2811.
Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med 2018; 7(9): 258.
Jin L, Yan S, Shi B, Bao H, Gong J, Guo X, Li J. Effects of vitamin A on the milk performance, antioxidant functions and immune functions of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2014; 192: 15-23.
Ma XM, Yang ZB, Yang WR, Song M. Effect of different vitamin A levels in diets on antioxidant ability of beef cattle (in Chinese). Chin J Anim Nutr 2005; 17: 31–35.
McDaniel KL, Restori KH, Dodds JW, Kennett MJ, Ross AC, Cantorna MT. Vitamin A-deficient hosts become nonsymptomatic reservoirs of Escherichia coli-like enteric infections. Infect Immun 2015; 83: 2984–2991.
McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG. Animal Nutrition. Eight Edition. New York: Pearson, 2022.McDowell LR. Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition. Second Edition. Iowa: Academic Press, 2000 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Eight Edition. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2016
Penkert RR, Smith AP, Hrincius ER, McCullers JA, Vogel P, Smith AM, Hurwitz JL. Effect of vitamin A deficiency in dysregulating immune responses to influenza virus and increasing mortality rates after bacterial coinfections. J Infect Dis 2021; 223: 1806–1816
Reboul E. Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by the enterocyte: focus on transport proteins. Nutrients. 2013; 5(9): 3563-3581.
Shao Y, Wen Q, Zhang S, Lu, L, Zhang L, Liao X, Luo X. Dietary supplemental vitamin D3 enhances phosphorus absorption and utilisation by regulating gene expression of related phosphate transporters in the small intestine of broilers. Br J Nutr 2019; 121(1): 9-21.
Shastak Y, Gordillo A, Pelletier W. The relationship between vitamin A status and oxidative stress in animal production. J Appl Anim Res 2023; 51(1): 546–553.
Shastak Y, Pelletier W. The role of vitamin A in non-ruminant immunology. Front Anim Sci 2023; 4: 1197802.
Sijtsma SR, Rombout JHWM, West CE, Van der Zijpp AJ. Vitamin A deficiency impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 26: (2), 191–201.
Zhao GQ, Guo YH, Sun LS. Study on vitamin A optimum requirements of lactating Holsteins. Chin Dairy Cattle 2008; 9: 7–10.
Referanslar
Azzam MM, Hussein AM, Marghani BH, Barakat NM, Khedr MMM, Heakel NA. Retinoic acid potentiates the therapeutic efficiency of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) against cisplatininduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sci Pharm 2022; 90: 58.
Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Regulatory phenomena in the glutathione peroxidase superfamily. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33(7): 498–516.
Bruzelius K, Sundler R, Pagmantidis V, Akesson B. Regulation of selenoprotein mRNA expression by hormones and retinoic acid in bovine mammarycells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010; 24: 251–256.
Chattha KS, Kandasamy S, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive B and T cell responses to a prototype monovalent attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus challenge in a gnotobiotic piglet model. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82966.
Chelstowska S, Widjaja-Adhi M A, Silvaroli JA, Golczak M. Molecular basis for vitamin A uptake and storage in the liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2016; 1862(7): 870–883.
Chew, B. P. Role of carotenoids in the immune response. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76(9): 2804–2811.
Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med 2018; 7(9): 258.
Jin L, Yan S, Shi B, Bao H, Gong J, Guo X, Li J. Effects of vitamin A on the milk performance, antioxidant functions and immune functions of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2014; 192: 15-23.
Ma XM, Yang ZB, Yang WR, Song M. Effect of different vitamin A levels in diets on antioxidant ability of beef cattle (in Chinese). Chin J Anim Nutr 2005; 17: 31–35.
McDaniel KL, Restori KH, Dodds JW, Kennett MJ, Ross AC, Cantorna MT. Vitamin A-deficient hosts become nonsymptomatic reservoirs of Escherichia coli-like enteric infections. Infect Immun 2015; 83: 2984–2991.
McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG. Animal Nutrition. Eight Edition. New York: Pearson, 2022.McDowell LR. Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition. Second Edition. Iowa: Academic Press, 2000 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Eight Edition. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2016
Penkert RR, Smith AP, Hrincius ER, McCullers JA, Vogel P, Smith AM, Hurwitz JL. Effect of vitamin A deficiency in dysregulating immune responses to influenza virus and increasing mortality rates after bacterial coinfections. J Infect Dis 2021; 223: 1806–1816
Reboul E. Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by the enterocyte: focus on transport proteins. Nutrients. 2013; 5(9): 3563-3581.
Shao Y, Wen Q, Zhang S, Lu, L, Zhang L, Liao X, Luo X. Dietary supplemental vitamin D3 enhances phosphorus absorption and utilisation by regulating gene expression of related phosphate transporters in the small intestine of broilers. Br J Nutr 2019; 121(1): 9-21.
Shastak Y, Gordillo A, Pelletier W. The relationship between vitamin A status and oxidative stress in animal production. J Appl Anim Res 2023; 51(1): 546–553.
Shastak Y, Pelletier W. The role of vitamin A in non-ruminant immunology. Front Anim Sci 2023; 4: 1197802.
Sijtsma SR, Rombout JHWM, West CE, Van der Zijpp AJ. Vitamin A deficiency impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 26: (2), 191–201.
Zhao GQ, Guo YH, Sun LS. Study on vitamin A optimum requirements of lactating Holsteins. Chin Dairy Cattle 2008; 9: 7–10.
