Prion Hastalıkları
Özet
Prionlar farklı tür memelileri etkileyerek sinir sisteminde vakuoler dejenerasyonlara neden olan, bu sebeple sinir sistemi bulguları ile seyreden enfeksiyöz proteinlerdir. Aslında normalde bulunan bir proteinin yanlış katlanması ile ortaya çıkan bu ajanların çoğalması, normal proteinlerle bir araya gelmesi ve onların da yanlış katlanmış proteinlere dönüşmesine neden olması ile gerçekleşir. Bu durum virusların enfeksiyon siklusuna benzer ve hastalık etkeninin alınması ile belirtilerin ortaya çıkması çok uzun sürdüğü için yavaş (slow) virus enfeksiyonları başlığı altında incelenir. Bu bölümde prion enfeksiyonlarından; sığırlarda bovine spongiform ensefalopati (BSE), koyunlarda scrapie ve domuzlarda konu ile ilgili yapılan son araştırmaların verileri işlenmiştir. Bununla beraber bu ajanların bulaşma yolları patogenez ve güncel durumları ile ilgili bilgiler anlatılmıştır.
Referanslar
Acín C, Bolea R, Monzón M, et al. Classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats. Review on the etiology, genetic factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control measures of both diseases. Animals. 2021;11(3):691. doi:10.3390/ani11030691
Benestad S, Arsac JN, Goldmann W, Nöremark M. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie: Properties of the agent, genetics, and epidemiology. Veterinary Research. 2008;39(4):1–14. doi:10.1051/vetres:2007056
Cassmann ED, Greenlee JJ. Pathogenesis, detection, and control of scrapie in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2020;81(7):600–614. doi:10.2460/ajvr.81.7.600
Corona C, Costassa EV, Iulini B, et al. Phenotypical variability in bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of classical and atypical forms. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2017;150:241–265. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.015
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse
Espinosa JC, Marín-Moreno A, Aguilar-Calvo P, et al. Porcine prion protein as a paradigm of limited susceptibility to prion strain propagation. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;223(6):1103–1112. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz646
Gallardo MJ, Delgado FO. Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Veterinary Journal. 2021;11(4):707–723. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.23
Greenlee JJ. Update on classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats. Veterinary Pathology. 2019;56(1):6–16. doi:10.1177/0300985818794247
Gürel A, Gülçubuk A, Turan N, Helps CR, Yilmaz H. Scrapie cases in the Northern Cyprus. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 2013;37(3):311–315. doi:10.3906/vet-1203-53
Hammarström P, Nyström S. Porcine prion protein amyloid. Prion. 2015;9(4):266–277. doi:10.1080/19336896.2015.1065373
Harman JL, Silva CJ. Zoonosis update. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2009;234(1–6):59.
Hedman C, Bolea R, Marín B, et al. Transmission of sheep-bovine spongiform encephalopathy to pigs. Veterinary Research. 2016;47:1–15. doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0295-8
https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/prion-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment-and-prevention Erişim tarihi : 03.03.2025
https://www.sruc.ac.uk/business-services/veterinary-laboratory-services/other-health-schemes/scrapie-monitoring-for-export/ Erişim tarihi : 03.03.2025
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy#/media/File:Bse-cattle-250.jpg Erişim tarihi : 03.03.2025
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Vertebrate prions – ICTV 9th Report. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://ictv.global/report_9th/subviral/Vertebrate-Prions
Kumagai S, Daikai T, Onodera T. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy–a review from the perspective of food safety. Food Safety. 2019;7(2):21–47. doi:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009
Marín B, Otero A, Lugan S, et al. Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):17428. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96818-2
Myers R, Cembran A, Fernandez-Funez P. Insight from animals resistant to prion diseases: Deciphering the genotype–morphotype–phenotype code for the prion protein. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2020;14:254. doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00254
Olech M. Conventional and state-of-the-art detection methods of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(8):7135. doi:10.3390/ijms24087135
Soto P, Bravo-Risi F, Benavente R, et al. Detection of prions in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from areas with reported chronic wasting disease cases, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2025;31(1):168. doi:10.3201/eid3101.240401
T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bornova Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü. Scrapie. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://vetkontrol.tarimorman.gov.tr/bornova/Menu/75/Scrapie
T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bornova Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://vetkontrol.tarimorman.gov.tr/bornova/Menu/84/Bovine-Spongiform-Encephalopathy-bse
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bse
Veterinary Practice. Scrapie: An overview. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/scrapie-an-overview
Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. Scrapie: An overview of the disease and the NSEP. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/ScrapieAnOverviewoftheDiseaseandtheNSEP.pdf
WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals – BSE. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.04.05_BSE.pdf
WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals – Scrapie. Accessed June 2025. Available from: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.08.11_SCRAPIE.pdf
Yeşilbağ K. Veteriner Viroloji (Hayvanların Viral Hastalıkları). Malatya: Medipres Yayıncılık LTD Şti; 2021.
