Papillomaviridae ve Parvoviridae
Özet
Papillomavirus ve parvovirus enfeksiyonları, ruminantlar ve domuzlarda çeşitli klinik tablolarla seyreden ve veteriner hekimlikte giderek artan öneme sahip viral hastalıklardır. Papillomaviruslar, özellikle sığır, koyun, keçi ve domuzlarda deri ve meme lezyonlarına yol açmakta; lezyonlar çoğunlukla iyi huylu olsa da bazı tiplerde malign transformasyon gözlenebilmektedir. Sığır papillomavirusları (BPV), 40’tan fazla alt tipi ile geniş bir genetik çeşitlilik göstermekte ve türler arası geçiş potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Lezyonlar süt veriminde azalma, sağım zorluğu, mastitis predispozisyonu ve deri kalitesinde bozulma gibi önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Koyun ve keçilerde de benzer lezyonlar görülmekte; özellikle Sanen keçilerinde güneş ışığıyla lezyonların şiddetlendiği bildirilmektedir. Domuzlarda ise Sus scrofa papillomavirus tipleri genital bölgede saplı lezyonlara yol açmakta ve enfeksiyonlar sıklıkla çiftleşme yoluyla bulaşmaktadır. Parvoviruslar ise hem ruminantlarda hem de domuzlarda üreme, solunum ve sindirim sistemi problemleriyle ilişkilendirilen, zarsız, tek iplikçikli DNA viruslardır. Sığır ve koyunlarda ishal, solunum sistemi enfeksiyonları ve spontan abortus gibi semptomlarla seyredebilirken, çoğunlukla asemptomatik formlarda da saptanabilmektedir. Özellikle ruminantlarda fekal-oral ve transplasental bulaş bildirilmiştir. Domuzlarda ise porcine parvovirus tip 1 (PPV1), SMEDI sendromunun başlıca etkeni olup, fetuslarda mumifikasyon, embriyonik ölüm ve doğurganlık kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca parvoviruslar, solunum yolu hastalıkları, miyokardit ve ensefalomyelit gibi sistemik hastalıklara da neden olabilir. Ko-enfeksiyonlarla seyrin ağırlaştığı bildirilmektedir. Her iki virus grubu için de moleküler tanı yöntemleri (özellikle PCR) yaygın olarak kullanılmakta, tedavi genellikle destekleyici olmakta ve koruma için biyogüvenlik önlemleri ile birlikte bazı durumlarda otovaksinler veya ticari aşılar uygulanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ruminant ve domuzlarda papillomavirus ve parvovirus enfeksiyonlarının tanınması, kontrolü ve türler arası bulaş riski açısından izlenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir.
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