Rhabdoviridae
Özet
Rhabdoviridae ailesi içinde yer alan virusler başta memeliler olmak üzere, kuşlar, sürüngenler ve böceklerden izole edilmiştir. Rhabdoviridae, tek zincirli, negatif polariteli, segmentsiz bir genoma sahip olan zarflı RNA virus ailesidir. Bu aile içinde yer alan virusler, antijeniteleri ve filogenetik analizlerine göre altı genus altında toplanmıştır. Bu cins içinde yer alan Lyssaviruslar, vesiculoviruslar ve Ephemeroviruslar memeliler, balıklar ve eklembacaklılar dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hayvan konakçılarını enfekte eder. Lyssavirus cinsi içinde kuduz enfeksiyonuna neden olan rabies virusu yer almaktadır. Başta köpek, tilki, kedi vb. hayvan türleri tarafından taşınan virus önemli zoonoz etkenlerin başında gelmektedir. Evcil sığır ve mandaların vektör aracılı olan ve eklemlerler de şişlikle karakterize olan bovine ephemeral fever hastalığıda Ephemerovirus cinsi içinde yer almaktadır. Vesiculer stomatitis virusu ise Vesiculovirus genusu içinde yer alır ve başta atlar olmak üzere çeşitli çiftlik hayvanlarında enfeksiyona neden olur. Bu bölüm içinde bu üç etkenin neden olduğu hastalık tablosu hakkında geniş bilgiye yer verilmiştir.
Referanslar
Lavon Y, Ezra E, Friedgut O, et al. Economic Aspects of Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) Outbreaks in Dairy Cattle Herds. Veterinary Sciences. 2023;10(11): 1-12. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10110645.
Rouby SR, Ghonaim AH, Chen X, et al. The Current Epizootiological Situation of Three Major Viral Infections Affecting Cattle in Egypt. Viruses. 2024;16(10):1-19. doi: 10.3390/v16101536.
P.F.P. Dinçer, Şahan A, Nayır BM. Large Animal Review. Effect of Circulating Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) Levels on Th1/Th2 Immune Response in Bovine Ephemeral Fever.2024; 30: 157-162.
Öztürk AS. Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Sığırların Üç Gün Hastalığı). Adana Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2012; 2(2); 26- 30.
Martínez-Burnes J, Barrios-García H, Carvajal-de la Fuente V, et al. Viral Diseases in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): New Insights and Perspectives. Animals (Basel). 2024; 14(6): 1-24. doi: 10.3390/ani14060845.
Rezatofighi SE, Mirzadeh K, Mahmoodi F. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of bovine ephemeral fever viruses in Khuzestan province of Iran in 2018 and 2020. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022; 18(1):1 – 12 . doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03119-x
Walker PJ. Bovine ephemeral fever in Australia and the world. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2005;292:57-80. doi: 10.1007/3-540-27485-5_4.
Ayvazoğlu C, Ayvazoğlu Demir P. Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Turkey and Its Economic Effect. Van Veterinary Journal, 2022; 33 (3), 71-75. DOI: doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1141040.
Erol N, Koç TB, Gür S, et al. Aydın ve Muğla İlleri’nde Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus Enfeksiyonu’nun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2015;8(2): 45-49.
Karayel-Hacioglu I, Duran Yelken S, Vezir Y, et al. Isolation and genetic characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus from epidemic-2020 in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health Production. 2021;53(2):276. doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02715-1.
Lee F. Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps. Viruses. 2019; 11(5):412. doi: 10.3390/v11050412.
Wikipedia. Culicoides imicola.(07/03/2025 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides_imicola adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wikipedia. Bovine Epemeral Fever. (07/03/2025 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_ephemeral_fever adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Zhang Y, Nagalo BM. Immunovirotherapy Based on Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Where Are We? Frontiers Immunolology 2022;28;13:898631. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898631
Pelzel-McCluskey A, Christensen B, Humphreys J, et al. Review of Vesicular Stomatitis in the United States with Focus on 2019 and 2020 Outbreaks. Pathogens. 2021 ;10(8):993. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10080993
Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, et al. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens. 2021 Aug 27;10(9):1092. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10091092.
Whelpley MJ, Zhou LH, Rascon J, et al. Community composition of black flies during and after the 2020 vesicular stomatitis virus outbreak in Southern New Mexico, USA. Parasites and Vectors. 2024;17(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06127-6.
Yilmaz, O., & Wilson, R. T. The Domestic livestock resources of Turkey: Occurrence and control of diseases of horses, donkeys and mules. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2013; 33(12), 10211030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2013.05.003
Rodriguez, L.L. Emergence and Re-Emergence of Vesicular Stomatitis in the United States Virus Research. 2002; 85:211-219.
Hanson, R.P. The natural history of vesicular stomatitis Bacteriology Reviews. 1952; 16:179-204
Tesh, R.B. ∙ Boshell, S.J. ∙ Modi, G.B. Natural Infection of Humans, Animals, and Phlebotomine Sand Flies with the Alagoas Serotype of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Colombia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987; 36:653-661
Wikipedia.Indiana Vesiculovirus.(07/03/2025 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_vesiculovirus adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Johnson N, Fooks AR, Valtchovski R,et al. Evidence for trans-border movement of rabies by wildlife reservoirs between countries in the Balkan Peninsular. Veterinary Microbiology. 2007. 25;120(1-2):71-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.012
Kumar A, Bhatt S, Kumar A,et al. Canine rabies: An epidemiological significance, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and public health issues. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2023.97:101992. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101992
Yakobson B, Taylor N, Dveres N, et al. Cattle rabies vaccination--A longitudinal study of rabies antibody titres in an Israeli dairy herd. Prev Vet Med. 2015 . 1;121(1-2):170-5. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.004
Begeman L, Geurtsvan Kessel C, Finke S, et al. Comparative pathogenesis of rabies in bats and carnivores, and implications for spillover to humans. Lancet Infectious Diseses. 2018. 18(4):e147-e159. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30574-1. Epub 2017 Oct 31. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;18(2):139. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30708-9
Vos A, Freuling C, Eskiizmirliler S,et al. Rabies in foxes, Aegean region, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseses. 2009.15(10):1620-2. doi: 10.3201/eid1510.090203
Jackson AC. Rabies: a medical perspective. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 2018.37(2):569-580. English. doi: 10.20506/rst.37.2.2825
Johnson N, Black C, Smith J,et al. Rabies emergence among foxes in Turkey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2003.39(2):262-70. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.262
Jane Ling MY, Halim AFNA, Ahmad D,et al. Rabies in Southeast Asia: a systematic review of its incidence, risk factors and mortality. BMJ Open. 2023.10;13(5):e066587. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066587.
Aylan O, Sertkaya B, Demeli A,et al. Oral rabies vaccination of foxes in Türkiye, 2019-2022. One Health. 2024. 28;19:100877. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100877
Johnson N, Un H, Fooks AR,et al. Rabies epidemiology and control in Turkey: past and present. Epidemiology and Infection. 2010.138(3):305-12. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809990963
