Retroviridae
Özet
Retroviruslar, veteriner hekimlikte uzun süredir önemli bir yere sahiptir. İlk kez 1908 ve 1911 yıllarında tanımlanan bu viruslar, hayvanlarda enfeksiyöz tümörlerin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Retroviridae ailesine ait bu viruslar, zarflı ve tek sarmallı RNA genomuna sahip olup, ters transkriptaz (RT) enzimi sayesinde RNA’dan DNA’ya dönüşüm yaparak konak genomuna entegre olabilmektedir. Bu özellikleriyle persiste enfeksiyonlara neden olmakta ve hem hayvanlarda hem de insanlarda çeşitli hastalıklarla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Retroviruslar, çiftlik hayvanlarında önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açtıkları gibi, bilimsel araştırmalarda da genetik, immünoloji ve onkoloji alanlarında model organizma olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Veteriner hekimlikte önemli retroviruslar arasında sığır lösemi virusu (BLV) ile küçük ruminant lentivirusları (SRLV’ler) olarak bilinen caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) ve maedi-visna virusu (MVV) yer almaktadır. BLV, sığırlarda lenfosarkomlara neden olarak süt veriminde düşüşe yol açarken; CAEV ve MVV ise kronik seyirli arthritis, ensefalitis, mastitis ve zayıflık sendromları ile ilişkilidir. Retroviruslar, direkt temas, vertikal, biyolojik vektörler ve iatrojenik yollarla bulaşabilmektedir. Tanı yöntemleri arasında serolojik testler ve moleküler teknikler yer almakta olup, etkili aşıların olmaması nedeniyle hastalık kontrolü enfekte hayvanların sürüden ayrılması ve biyogüvenlik önlemlerine dayanmaktadır. Bu virusların kontrolü ve yönetimi, sürdürülebilir hayvancılık açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
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