Filoviridae, Hepeviridae ve Orthomyxoviridae
Özet
Filoviridae ailesi üyeleri genellikle insanlar açısında oldukça ölümcül ve zoonotik hastalıklara yol açan üyelere sahiptir. Bunlardan en önemlisi ise hemorajik ateşle karakterize ebolabirus enfeksiyonudur. Ebolaviruslar içerisinde yer alan Reston ebolavirus henüz insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkilendirilmemiştir. Maymunlarda hastalık oluşturan viral bir patojen olarak bilinmesine rağmen, Reston ebolavirusun 2008'de domuzlarda ortaya çıkması ve izole edilmesi dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Hepeviridae ailesi üyesi olan hepatitis E virus (HEV), bilinen tüm majör hepatit virusları (Hepatit A, B, C ve D) arasında hayvan rezervuarları olan tek hepatit virusudur. Vahşi ve evcil hayvanlar da dâhil olmak üzere kanatlı, balık ve memelileri kapsayan çok sayıda hayvan türünde tanımlanmıştır. Farklı genotiplere ayrılarak, farklı konakçı spektrumuna sahip olan HEV türleri arasında zoonotik karakter sergileyen HEV türleri de (HEV-3 ve -4) bulunmaktadır. Domuz ve insan HEV‘ suşları oldukça yakın genetik karakter sergilemekte ve ana rezervuar domuz olarak kabul edilmektedir. HEV’in hayvan rezervuarlarına sahip olması, gıda güvenliği ve zoonotik risk konusunda önemli bir halk sağlığı endişesi yaratmaktadır. Orthomyxoviridae ailesinde yer alan İnfluenza virusun dört farklı tipi bulunmakta (A-D) ve bunlar arasında influenza A virusları (IAV), domuz, at, kedi, köpek, yarasa, balina, fok, sığır, koyun, keçi, kümes hayvanları, kemirgenler ve diğer memeliler dahil olmak üzere çok çeşitli sıcakkanlı hayvanı enfekte etmektedir. İnfluenzavirus D ise sığırlara özgü bir tiptir ancak domuz, deve, koyun ve keçilerde de tespit edilmiştir. Domuzlar, IAV'lerin evrimi açısından "karıştırma havuzu" konakçıları olarak hizmet ettiği yani hem kuş hem de insan IAV ile enfekte olma kapasiteleri sayesinde aynı hücrede karşılaşan bu iki virusun "yeniden düzenleme" adı verilen bir süreç yoluyla genom segmentlerini değiştirebildiği bilinmektedir. Bu sayede yeni pandemi potansaiyeli bulunan viruslar ortaya çıkabilmektedir.
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