Anestezi Acil Durumları ve Resüsitasyon
Özet
“Anestezi Acil Durumları ve Resüsitasyon” başlıklı bu bölüm, veteriner anestezisi sırasında gelişebilecek komplikasyonları sistematik olarak ele almakta ve acil müdahale yaklaşımlarını ayrıntılı biçimde sunmaktadır. Solunum, kardiyovasküler ve merkezi sinir sistemi kaynaklı komplikasyonlar; hipotermi, hipertermi gibi termoregülatuvar sorunlar ve pulmoner aspirasyon, bronkospazm, aritmiler gibi kritik tablolar ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Bölüm, anesteziye bağlı komplikasyonların önlenmesinde hasta hazırlığı, uygun ajan seçimi, monitörizasyon ve erken tanının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca RECOVER kılavuzu çerçevesinde veteriner kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyonun (CPR) temel ve ileri yaşam desteği basamakları açıklanmış, güncel kanıta dayalı uygulamalara rehberlik edilmiştir. Bu yönüyle bölüm, veteriner cerrahlar, anesteziyologlar ve acil hekimliğiyle ilgilenen araştırmacılar için kapsamlı bir kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır.
The chapter “Anesthesia Emergencies and Resuscitation” provides a comprehensive overview of complications that may arise during veterinary anesthesia and outlines evidence-based emergency interventions. It systematically addresses respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous system complications, as well as thermoregulatory disorders such as hypothermia and hyperthermia. Critical conditions including pulmonary aspiration, bronchospasm, and cardiac arrhythmias are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on patient preparation, appropriate drug selection, perioperative monitoring, and the crucial role of early recognition in preventing anesthesia-related mortality. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the principles of veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within the framework of the RECOVER guidelines, presenting both basic and advanced life support protocols. By integrating practical strategies with current evidence, this chapter serves as a valuable reference for veterinary surgeons, anesthesiologists, and clinicians involved in emergency and critical care medicine.
Referanslar
Brodbelt D. Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. Vet J. 2009;182(2):152–161. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.011
Grubb T, Sager J, Gaynor JS, et al. 2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(2):59–82. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7055
Spelts K. Anesthetic complications. In: Romich JA, Norkus CL (eds.) Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Pain Management for Veterinary Technicians. 1st ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2022. Chapter 12
Weil AB, Ko JC. Anesthetic emergencies and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Ko JC (ed.) Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management: A Color Handbook. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2025
Meyer S. Treating complications and emergencies. In: Anesthesia and Pain Management for Veterinary Nurses and Technicians. Jackson: Teton NewMedia; 2020. Chapter 10
Egger CM. Anaesthetic complications, accidents and emergencies. In: Duke-Novakovski T, de Vries M, Seymour C (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 3rd ed. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2016. p. 428–445
Egger C. Anaesthetic complications, accidents, and emergencies. In: Seymour S, Duke-Novakovski K (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2nd ed. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2011. p. 310–332
McNally DM, Robertson SA, Pablo LS. Comparison of time to desaturation between preoxygenated and nonpreoxygenated dogs following sedation with acepromazine maleate and morphine and induction of anesthesia with propofol. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(11):1333–1338. doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1333
McKune CM, Borchers A. Adverse events/anesthetic complications. Small Anim Anesth Tech. 2022:52–92
Hofmeister EH. Anesthetic emergencies, resuscitation, and adverse events. In: Grimm KA, Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ, Greene SA, Robertson SA (eds.) Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 6th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024. p. 54–73
Weil AB, Ko JC. Anesthetic emergencies and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Ko JC (ed.) Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2018. p. 305–316
Korets J, Li F. Complications in anesthesia. In: Basic Sciences in Anesthesia. 2025. p. 519–542
Shelby AM, McKune CM. Anesthetic complications. In: Shelby AM, McKune CM (eds.) Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques. Ames (IA): John Wiley & Sons; 2014. p. 191–231
Salcı H, Dolu C, Kırım E, Acar H. İki kedide endotrakeal kafın aşırı şişirilmesine bağlı oluşmuş trakea rupturu. Türk Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi. 2024;2(2):45–49
McMillan S. Anesthetic complications and emergencies. In: Bryant S (ed.) Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 318–352
Mazzaferro E, Wagner AE. Hypotension during anesthesia in dogs and cats: Recognition, causes, and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2001;23(8):728–737
Wilson DV, Shih AC. Anesthetic emergencies and resuscitation. In: Grimm KA, Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ, Greene SA, Robertson SA (eds.) Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 5th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p. 114–129
Lorentz MN, Vianna BSB. Cardiac dysrhythmias and anesthesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2011;61(6):798–813
Chang HK, Kim SH. Intraoperative management of critical arrhythmia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017;70(2):120–126
Dua N, Kumra VP. Management of perioperative arrhythmias. Indian J Anaesth. 2007;51:310
Dubin D. Rapid Interpretation of EKGs. 6th ed. Tampa: Cover Publishing Company; 2000
Long B, Koyfman A. Emergency medicine myths: epinephrine in cardiac arrest. J Emerg Med. 2017;52(6):809–814
Scroggin RD, Quandt J. The use of vasopressin for treating vasodilatory shock and cardiopulmonary arrest. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2007;19:145–157
Smarick SD, Haskins SC, Boller M, Fletcher DJ; RECOVER Post-Cardiac Arrest Care Domain Worksheet Authors. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 6: Post-cardiac arrest care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2012;22(Suppl 1):S85–S101
Watson K. Abnormalities of cardiac conduction and cardiac rhythm. In: Hines RL, Marschall KE (eds.) Stoelting’s Anesthesia and Co-Existing Disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 2012. p. 73–103
Robertson SA. Hypothermia – “The Big Chill.” In: Scientific Proceedings: Companion Animals Programme. 2007. p. 51–52
Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, Bednarski RM, et al. Temperature regulation during anesthesia: Anesthetic-associated hypothermia and hyperthermia. In: Muir WW, et al. (eds.) 2013
Pottie RG, Dart CM, Perkins NR, et al. Effect of hypothermia on recovery from general anaesthesia in the dog. Aust Vet J. 2007;85(4):158–162
Posner LP, Pavuk AA, Rokshar JL, et al. Effects of opioids and anesthetic drugs on body temperature in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010;37(1):35–43
Levensaler A. Monitoring: Pulse oximetry, temperature, and hands-on. In: Bryant S (ed.) Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians. 1st ed. Ames (IA): Blackwell; 2010. p. 98–100
Dazio VER, Gay JM, Hoehne SN. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes of dogs and cats at a veterinary teaching hospital before and after publication of the RECOVER guidelines. J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(4):270–279
Wolf J, Buckley GJ, Rozanski EA, et al. 2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Advanced life support. Evidence and knowledge gap analysis with treatment recommendations for small animal CPR. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2024;34(S1):44–75
Fletcher DJ, Boller M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Silverstein DC, Hopper K (eds.) Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier; 2015. p. 11–17
Burkitt-Creedon JM, Boller M, Fletcher DJ, et al. 2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Updated treatment recommendations for CPR in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2024;34(S1):10–123
Hopper K, Epstein SE, Burkitt-Creedon JM, et al. 2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Basic life support. Evidence and knowledge gap analysis with treatment recommendations for small animal CPR. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2024;34(S1):16–43
