Dental Antropoloji

Serpil  Özdemir Özbey

doi:10.37609/akya.3768

Yazarlar

Serpil Özdemir Özbey

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9550-3467

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.3768.c7406

Özet

Biyoarkeolojik çalışmalarda ve adli vakalarda, bireysel ya da toplumsal bazda kimliklendirme yapılırken kullanılan materyaller iskelet kalıntıları ve dişlerdir. Uygun ortam ve koşullar söz konusu olduğunda canlılara ait iskelet kalıntıları ve dişler çok uzun süre bozulmadan yapılarını koruyarak günümüze kadar ulaşabilmektedir. Ancak bazı koşullarda iskelet kalıntıları doğal yapılarını kaybetmektedir. İskeletin temeli olan kemiklerin bütünlüğünün korunamadığı bu durumlarda sağlam yapılarından kaynaklı iyi korunmuş olan dişler tercih edilmektedir. Eski dönem toplumlarının biyolojik, kültürel ve çevresel yapılarına ışık tutan dişler dental antropolojik çalışmaların esasını oluşturmaktadır. Dişlerin yapılarında, biçimlerinde ve boyutlarında meydana gelen değişimler; zaman içerisinde bireylerin ağız ve diş sağlıklarında, yaşam biçimlerinde, beslenme şekillerinde ve biyokültürel akrabalık ilişkilerinde meydana gelen değişimleri yansıtmaktadır. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen dental antropolojik çalışmalarla; cinsiyet/yaş gibi demografik bilgiler ile beslenme şekilleri, diş ve çene hastalıkları, bireylerin yaşadıkları dönem ve sosyal yapılarına ilişkin bilgilere ulaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca dişler türler ya da topluluklar arasındaki biyolojik yakınlık/uzaklık derecesinin saptanması, evrim tarihi ve uyum konularında da önemli bir yere sahiptir. Günümüzde dental antropoloji alanındaki klasik yöntemler eser element analizleri, kimyasal izotop çalışmaları ve DNA analizleriyle de desteklenmektedir. Dental antropoloji çalışmaları kapsamında sıralanan tüm bu araştırmalarda, fosil ve yaşayan insan dışı primatlar, fosil homininler, arkeolojik kazılarla elde edilmiş iskelet kalıntıları ve modern insan toplulukları örneklem olarak kullanılmaktadır. İlerleyen teknolojiye bağlı olarak, dental antropolojik nicel analiz ve görselleştirme yöntemlerinde geliştirilen yeni teknikler, eski araştırma konularının çok daha iyi araçlarla sürdürülmesine imkân sağlamaktadır. Bu süreç dental antropoloji alanında gerçekleştirilecek yeni araştırma yöntem ve tekniklerine de kapı aralamaktadır. İlerleyen yıllarda yeni örneklem ve teknikler ile alanında uzman araştırmacıların dental antropolojiyi daha ileriye taşıyacağı kuşkusuzdur.

Skeletal remains and teeth are the materials used in bioarchaeological studies and forensic cases, as well as in the identification of individuals or communities. Skeletal remains and teeth of living organisms can reach to the present day by preserving their structures for a very long time when there is a favourable environment and conditions. But under some conditions, skeletal remains lose their natural structure. In these cases where the integrity of the bone materials that make up the skeleton cannot be preserved, well-preserved teeth are preferred due to their robust structures. Teeth, which shed light on the biological, cultural and environmental structures of ancient societies, constitute the basis of dental anthropological studies. The changes in the structures, shapes and sizes of teeth reflect the changes in the oral and dental health, lifestyles, diets and biocultural kinship relations of individuals over time. The dental anthropological studies carried out in this context provide demographic information such as sex/age, dietary patterns, dental and jaw diseases, the period in which individuals lived and their social structures. Furthermore, teeth have an important place in determining the degree of biological distance/homogenity between species or communities, evolutionary history and adaptation. The classical methods in the field of dental anthropology are nowadays supported by trace element analyses, chemical isotope studies and DNA analyses. Fossil and living non-human primates, fossil hominins, skeletal remains obtained from archaeological excavations and modern human populations are used as samples in all these researches listed within the scope of dental anthropology studies. New techniques developed in dental anthropological quantitative analysis and visualisation methods due to advancing technology enable the continuation of past research topics with much better tools. This process also paves the way for new research methods and techniques to be carried out in the field of dental anthropology. There is no doubt that in the coming years, new samples and techniques and specialised researchers will carry dental anthropology further.

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