Çayır Yönetiminin Genel İlkeleri
Özet
Çayırlar öncelikli olarak biçilmek suretiyle değerlendirilen alanlar olmakla beraber, otlatma mevsimi, kapasitesi ve sıklığı gibi kurallara uymak koşuluyla ve toprağın otlatmayı engelleyecek kadar nemli olmadığı dönemlerde otlatma da yapılabilir. Çayırlardan elde edilen otun verim ve kalitesine; sulama, gübreleme, yabancı ot mücadelesi, otlatma, biçim yüksekliği, biçim zamanı ve biçim sıklığı gibi faktörler önemli düzeyde etki eder. Çayırlarda su yönetimi, fazla suyun uzaklaştırılarak su düzeninin ayarlanması ve büyüme dönemindeki eksik suyun sulama suyu ile tamamlanması konularını içerir. Meraların gübrelenmesi ile ilgili kural ve uygulamalar genel olarak çayırlar içinde geçerli olmakla beraber, çayırlar meralardan daha fazla ot ürettikleri için topraktan çok daha fazla bitki besin elementi kaldırırlar ve bu nedenle de daha fazla miktarda gübre uygulanmasına ihtiyaç duyarlar. Çayırlardaki yabancı ot sorunu, elde edilen otun verim ve kalitesini düşüren önemli bir faktördür. Çayırlardaki yabancı ot problemleri genel olarak hatalı gübreleme, biçme ve otlatma gibi yönetim uygulamalarından kaynaklanır. Doğal olarak çayırlarda en iyi ve etkili yabancı ot mücadelesi doğru yönetim uygulamalarıdır. Yağış ve sıcaklık gibi abiyotik faktörler ve otlatma gibi biyotik faktörler dışında, çayırlardan elde edilen kaba yemin verim ve kalitesini etkiyen en önemli yönetim uygulaması biçimdir. Biçim zamanı, biçim yüksekliği ve biçim sıklığından oluşan biçme uygulaması çayır vejetasyonlarının verimliği ve sürdürebilirliğini etkiler.
Although meadows are primarily used for mowing, grazing can also be done during periods when the soil is not moist enough to prevent grazing, if rules such as grazing season, capacity, and frequency are followed. Factors such as irrigation, fertilization, weed control, grazing, mowing height, mowing time, and mowing frequency significantly influence the yield and quality of meadow hay. Water management in meadows involves adjusting the water balance by removing excess water and supplementing any deficiencies during the growing season with irrigation water. The rules and practices regarding pasture fertilization are generally valid for meadows. However, meadows remove much more plant nutrients from the soil because they produce more grass than pastures and therefore require the application of greater amounts of fertilizer. Weed problems in meadows are a significant factor reducing the yield and quality of the resulting forage. These weed problems in meadows generally stem from management practices such as improper fertilization, mowing, and grazing. Naturally, the best and most effective weed control in meadows is proper management practices. Apart from abiotic factors such as rainfall and temperature, and biotic factors such as grazing, mowing is the most critical management practice affecting the yield and quality of forage produced in meadows. Mowing practices, which include mowing time, mowing height, and mowing frequency, influence the productivity and sustainability of meadow vegetation.
Referanslar
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Referanslar
Altın, M., Gökkuş, A., Koç, A., 2011. Çayır ve Mera Yönetimi. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Vol. I, Ankara, 376s.
TÜİK, 2025. İstatistik Veri Portalı, Tarım ve Orman Alanları. [Online], https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 [Erişim tarihi: 24.03. 2025]
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Tilman, D., Secondary succession and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecological monographs, 1987. 57(3): p. 189-214.
Lowry, C.S., S.P. Loheide, C.E. Moore, and J.D. Lundquist, Groundwater controls on vegetation composition and patterning in mountain meadows. Water Resources Research, 2011. 47(10): p. W00J11. doi: 10.1029/2010wr010086.
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Ren, B., J. Zhang, S. Dong, P. Liu, and B. Zhao, Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2018. 204(5): p. 505-514.
Toogood, S.E. and C.B. Joyce, Effects of raised water levels on wet grassland plant communities. Applied Vegetation Science, 2009. 12(3): p. 283-294. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-109x.2009.01028.x.
Tosun, F. and M. Altın, Çayır mera-yayla kültürü ve bunlardan faydalanma yöntemleri. 1986, Samsun: Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi Yayınları, Yayın No:9, p.229.
Osakabe, Y., K. Osakabe, K. Shinozaki, and L.-S.P. Tran, Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014. 5. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00086.
Khaleghi, A., R. Naderi, C. Brunetti, B.E. Maserti, S.A. Salami, and M. Babalar, Morphological, physiochemical and antioxidant responses of Maclura pomifera to drought stress. Scientific Reports, 2019. 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55889-y.
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Mundim, F.M. and E.G. Pringle, Whole-Plant Metabolic Allocation Under Water Stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00852.
Antoniel, L.S., G.D. Prado, A.C. Tinos, G.A. Beltrame, J.V.C.D. Almeida, and G.P. Cuco, Pasture production under different irrigation depths. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 2016. 20(6): p. 539-544. doi: 10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n6p539-544.
Vogeler, I., S. Thomas, and T. van der Weerden, Effect of irrigation management on pasture yield and nitrogen losses. Agricultural Water Management, 2019. 216: p. 60-69.
Vogeler, I., A. Mackay, R. Vibart, J. Rendel, J. Beautrais, and S. Dennis, Effect of inter-annual variability in pasture growth and irrigation response on farm productivity and profitability based on biophysical and farm systems modelling. Science of the Total Environment, 2016. 565: p. 564-575. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.006.
Altın, M., A. Gökkuş, and A. Koç, Çayır Mera Islahı. 2005, Çayır-Mera, Yem Bitkileri ve Havza Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı Yayınları. Ankara: Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. Tarımsal Üretim ve geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 468s.
Rumburg, C. and C. Cooper, Fertilizer‐Induced Changes in Botanical Composition, Yield, and Quality of Native Meadow Hay 1. Agronomy Journal, 1961. 53(4): p. 255-258. doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1961.00021962005300040015x.
Hejcman, M., L. Sochorová, V. Pavlů, J. Štrobach, M. Diepolder, and J. Schellberg, The Steinach Grassland Experiment: Soil chemical properties, sward height and plant species composition in three cut alluvial meadow after decades-long fertilizer application. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 2014. 184: p. 76-87.
Kirkham, F.W., J.R. Tallowin, R.A. Sanderson, A. Bhogal, B.J. Chambers, and D.P. Stevens, The impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers and lime on the species-richness and plant functional characteristics of hay meadow communities. Biological Conservation, 2008. 141(5): p. 1411-1427.
Brum, O.B., S. López, R. García, S. Andrés, and A. Calleja, Influence of harvest season, cutting frequency and nitrogen fertilization of mountain meadows on yield, floristic composition and protein content of herbage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2009. 38(4): p. 596-604. doi: 10.1590/s1516-35982009000400002.
Erkovan, H.I., M.K. Gullap, M. Dascı, and A. Koc, Effects of phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria applications on clover dominant meadow: I. hay yıeld and botanıcal composition. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 2010. 15(1): p. 12-17.
Honsova, D., M. Hejcman, M. Klaudisova, V. Pavlu, D. Kocourkova, and J. Hakl, Species composition of an alluvial meadow after 40 years of applying nitrogen, phospohorus and potassium fertilizer. Preslia, 2007. 79(3): p. 245-258.
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