Çayır Meraların Tanımı ve Kavramlar
Özet
Bu çalışma, çayır ve meraların ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan önemini, mevcut durumlarını ve karşılaştıkları sorunları incelemektedir. Türkiye’nin çayır ve mera alanlarının büyük bir kısmı bitki örtüsünün bozulması, aşırı otlatma, tarıma açma ve plansız kullanım gibi nedenlerle verim kaybına uğramaktadır. Araştırmada, mera ekosistemlerinin korunması ve sürdürülebilir yönetimi için otlatma planları, gübreleme, yabancı ot kontrolü, erozyon önleme ve ıslah çalışmaları gibi yöntemler değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, hayvan beslenmesinde meraların rolü, otlatma zamanı ve şiddeti gibi faktörlerin ot verimi ve kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, meraların etkin yönetimi, hem hayvansal üretimde verimliliğin artması hem de doğal ekosistemlerin korunması açısından kritik bir gereklilik olarak vurgulanmıştır.
Referanslar
White, R., Murray, S., and Rohweder, M. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Grassland ecosystems. World Resources Institute 2000. https://www.wri.org/publication/pilot-analysis-global-ecosystems-grassland-ecosystems.
Sala, O. E., Yahdjian, L., Havstad, K., and Aguiar, M. R. Rangeland ecosystem services: Nature’s supply and humans’ demand. In D. D. Briske (Ed.), Rangeland systems (pp. 467–489). Springer 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_14.
Körner, C. Alpineplant life: Functional plantecology of high mountaine cosystems. Springer 2003.
Bardgett, R. D., & Wardle, D. A. Aboveground-below ground linkages: Biotic interactions, ecosystem processes, and global change. Oxford University Press 2010.
Frame, J., Charlton, J. F. L., &Laidlaw, A. S. Temperate forage legumes. CABI Publishing 1998.
Lüscher, A., Mueller-Harvey, I., Soussana, J., et al. Potential of legume-based grassland–livestock systems in Europe: A review. Grassand Forage Science, 2014, 69(2), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12124
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., et al. Global consequences of landuse. Science, 2005, 309 (5734), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., et al. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 2002, 418(6898), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
FAO. Global assessment of grassland degradation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020a.
Ramankutty, N., Amato, L., Evan, T., et al. Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in theyear 2000. Global Bio geochemical Cycles, 2008, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002952
European Environment Agency. Grassland habitats in Europe 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Çayır Mera Yönetimi Raporları. Ankara 2023.
TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). Arazi Kullanım İstatistikleri, 2024 (Çayır ve Mera Alanları). https://data.tuik.gov.tr.
Koç, A., Gökkuş, A., & Altın, M. Türkiye meralarının durumu ve ıslahı. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 2011, 639–652.
Kırmızı bayrak, T., & Özkaya, Y. Mera yönetiminde güncel sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021, 36(2), 115–124.
Demirtaş, B., & Gül, A. Türkiye’de mera yönetimi: Sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 2016, 22(2), 55–64.
Kuşvuran, A., Tansel, Ş., & Avcı, M. Türkiye’de çayır ve mera alanlarının bölgelere göre dağılımı. In M. Avcı (Ed.), Çayır-Mera ve Yem Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliği (ss. 75–92). Nobel Yayıncılık 2011.
FAO. Pasture and fodder systems under climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2018.
Gökkuş, A. Çayır-Mera ve Yem Bitkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 1999.
Gökkuş, A., Koç, A., Karslı, M. A., et al. Mera ve yem bitkileri üretiminin hayvancılığa katkısı. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 2011, Ankara.
Kılıç, A. Yemler Bilgisi ve Yem Değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 2008.
Yılmaz, İ., & Açıkgöz, E. Hayvan refahı açısından meraların önemi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1994 11(2), 91–98.
Wilson, J. B., Peet, R. K., Dengler, J., et al. Plant species richness: The world records. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2012, 23(4), 796–802.
Habel, J. C., Dengler, J., Janišová, M., et al. European grassland ecosystems: Threatenedhotspots of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013, 22(10), 2131–2148.
Dengler, J., Janišová, M., Török, P., et al. Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: A synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems& Environment, 2014, 182, 1–14.
Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Anderson, S., Akçay, E., et al. Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation, 2011, 144(12), 2752–2769.
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. EcologicalM onographs, 2005, 75(1), 3–35.
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 2001, 294(5543), 804–808.
Van der Heijden, M. G. A., Bardgett, R. D., &vanStraalen, N. M. Theunseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2008, 11(3), 296–310.
Tilman, D., et al. Theinfluence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 1997, 277(5330), 1300–1302.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., et al. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 1995, 267 (5201), 1117–1123.
Morgan, R. P. C. Soil erosion and conservation. Blackwell Publishing 2005.
Conant, R. T., Paustian, K., & Elliott, E. T. Grassland management and conversionin to grassland: Effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications, 2001, 11(2), 343–355.
Lal, R. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma, 2004, 123(1–2), 1–22.
Derner, J. D., & Schuman, G. E. Carbon sequestration and rangelands: A synthesis of land management and precipitation effects. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 62(2), 77–85.
Conant, R. T., Cerri, C. E. P., Osborne, B. B., et al. Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: A newsynthesis. Ecological Applications, 2017, 27(2), 662–668.
Teague, W. R., Dowhower, S. L., Baker, S. A., et al. Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grassprairie. Agriculture, Ecosystems& Environment, 141(3–4), 2011, 310–322.
Post, W. M., &Kwon, K. C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: Processes and potential. Global Change Biology, 2000, 6(3), 317–328.
FAO. Pastoralism and the climate change agenda: Impacts, mitigation and adaptation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2021.
Schwinning, S., Sala, O. E., Loik, M. E., et al. Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: Understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia, 2008, 158(1), 1–13.
Bronstert, A., Niehoff, D., &Bürger, G. Effects of climate and land‐use change on storm runoff generation: Present knowledge and modelling capabilities. Hydrological Processes, 2002, 16(2), 509–529.
Haygarth, P. M., Jarvis, S. C., &Chambers, B. J. Phosphorus transfer from agricultural soils. Advances in Agronomy, 2005, 85, 195–252.
Scanlon, B. R., Jolly, I. D., Sophocleous, M., et al. Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: Quantity versus quality. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(3), W03437.
George, M. R., et al. Impact of grazing management on stream water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 59(5), 209–214.
Resmî Gazete. 4342 Sayılı Mera Kanunu. Yayım Tarihi: 25.02.1998, Sayı: 4342.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Mera Yönetimi ve Koruma Rehberi. Ankara 2020.
Kaya, A., & Gül, A. Türkiye’de mera yönetimi ve hukuki sorunlar. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 2020, 26(2), 137–150.
UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015.
IPCC. Special report on climate change and land. Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change 2019.
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011. 2011–2020. https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf
FAO. Sustainable pastoralism and rangeland management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2020b.
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1782.
National Forest Management Act of 1976, 16 U.S.C. § 1600.
Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978, 43 U.S.C. § 1901.
Clean Water Act of 1972, 33 U.S.C. § 1251
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. § 1531.
Wild Free-Roaming Horses and BurrosAct of 1971, 16 U.S.C. § 1331.
Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Rangeland health standards – 43 CFR 4180. https://www.blm.gov.
U.S. Forest Service. (n.d.). Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2200: Range Management. https://www.fs.usda.gov
Belsky, A. J., Matzke, A., &Uselman, S. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1999, 54(1), 419–431.
Ehrenfeld, J. G. Impact of invasive species on soil nutrient cycling. Biological Invasions, 2008, 10, 561–574.
Higgins, S. I., & Richardson, D. M. Invasive alien plants and ecosystem dynamics, 2001. Biological Conservation, 106(3), 303–333.
Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R., & Morrison, D. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated withalien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics, 2005, 52(3), 273–288.
Derner, J. D., & Hart, R. H. Impacts of grazing on plant community structure and ecosystem processes in the Great Basin. Ecological Applications, 2009, 19(2), 423–439.
Wilson, J. B., &Peet, R. K. Plant communities of the northwestern United States. Ecological Monographs, 2001, 71(3), 461–485.
European Commission. CAP strategic plan 2023–2027. 2022 https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu.
Referanslar
White, R., Murray, S., and Rohweder, M. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Grassland ecosystems. World Resources Institute 2000. https://www.wri.org/publication/pilot-analysis-global-ecosystems-grassland-ecosystems.
Sala, O. E., Yahdjian, L., Havstad, K., and Aguiar, M. R. Rangeland ecosystem services: Nature’s supply and humans’ demand. In D. D. Briske (Ed.), Rangeland systems (pp. 467–489). Springer 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_14.
Körner, C. Alpineplant life: Functional plantecology of high mountaine cosystems. Springer 2003.
Bardgett, R. D., & Wardle, D. A. Aboveground-below ground linkages: Biotic interactions, ecosystem processes, and global change. Oxford University Press 2010.
Frame, J., Charlton, J. F. L., &Laidlaw, A. S. Temperate forage legumes. CABI Publishing 1998.
Lüscher, A., Mueller-Harvey, I., Soussana, J., et al. Potential of legume-based grassland–livestock systems in Europe: A review. Grassand Forage Science, 2014, 69(2), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12124
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., et al. Global consequences of landuse. Science, 2005, 309 (5734), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., et al. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 2002, 418(6898), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
FAO. Global assessment of grassland degradation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020a.
Ramankutty, N., Amato, L., Evan, T., et al. Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in theyear 2000. Global Bio geochemical Cycles, 2008, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002952
European Environment Agency. Grassland habitats in Europe 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Çayır Mera Yönetimi Raporları. Ankara 2023.
TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). Arazi Kullanım İstatistikleri, 2024 (Çayır ve Mera Alanları). https://data.tuik.gov.tr.
Koç, A., Gökkuş, A., & Altın, M. Türkiye meralarının durumu ve ıslahı. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 2011, 639–652.
Kırmızı bayrak, T., & Özkaya, Y. Mera yönetiminde güncel sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021, 36(2), 115–124.
Demirtaş, B., & Gül, A. Türkiye’de mera yönetimi: Sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 2016, 22(2), 55–64.
Kuşvuran, A., Tansel, Ş., & Avcı, M. Türkiye’de çayır ve mera alanlarının bölgelere göre dağılımı. In M. Avcı (Ed.), Çayır-Mera ve Yem Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliği (ss. 75–92). Nobel Yayıncılık 2011.
FAO. Pasture and fodder systems under climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2018.
Gökkuş, A. Çayır-Mera ve Yem Bitkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 1999.
Gökkuş, A., Koç, A., Karslı, M. A., et al. Mera ve yem bitkileri üretiminin hayvancılığa katkısı. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 2011, Ankara.
Kılıç, A. Yemler Bilgisi ve Yem Değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 2008.
Yılmaz, İ., & Açıkgöz, E. Hayvan refahı açısından meraların önemi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1994 11(2), 91–98.
Wilson, J. B., Peet, R. K., Dengler, J., et al. Plant species richness: The world records. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2012, 23(4), 796–802.
Habel, J. C., Dengler, J., Janišová, M., et al. European grassland ecosystems: Threatenedhotspots of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013, 22(10), 2131–2148.
Dengler, J., Janišová, M., Török, P., et al. Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: A synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems& Environment, 2014, 182, 1–14.
Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Anderson, S., Akçay, E., et al. Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation, 2011, 144(12), 2752–2769.
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. EcologicalM onographs, 2005, 75(1), 3–35.
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 2001, 294(5543), 804–808.
Van der Heijden, M. G. A., Bardgett, R. D., &vanStraalen, N. M. Theunseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2008, 11(3), 296–310.
Tilman, D., et al. Theinfluence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 1997, 277(5330), 1300–1302.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., et al. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 1995, 267 (5201), 1117–1123.
Morgan, R. P. C. Soil erosion and conservation. Blackwell Publishing 2005.
Conant, R. T., Paustian, K., & Elliott, E. T. Grassland management and conversionin to grassland: Effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications, 2001, 11(2), 343–355.
Lal, R. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma, 2004, 123(1–2), 1–22.
Derner, J. D., & Schuman, G. E. Carbon sequestration and rangelands: A synthesis of land management and precipitation effects. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 62(2), 77–85.
Conant, R. T., Cerri, C. E. P., Osborne, B. B., et al. Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: A newsynthesis. Ecological Applications, 2017, 27(2), 662–668.
Teague, W. R., Dowhower, S. L., Baker, S. A., et al. Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grassprairie. Agriculture, Ecosystems& Environment, 141(3–4), 2011, 310–322.
Post, W. M., &Kwon, K. C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: Processes and potential. Global Change Biology, 2000, 6(3), 317–328.
FAO. Pastoralism and the climate change agenda: Impacts, mitigation and adaptation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2021.
Schwinning, S., Sala, O. E., Loik, M. E., et al. Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: Understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia, 2008, 158(1), 1–13.
Bronstert, A., Niehoff, D., &Bürger, G. Effects of climate and land‐use change on storm runoff generation: Present knowledge and modelling capabilities. Hydrological Processes, 2002, 16(2), 509–529.
Haygarth, P. M., Jarvis, S. C., &Chambers, B. J. Phosphorus transfer from agricultural soils. Advances in Agronomy, 2005, 85, 195–252.
Scanlon, B. R., Jolly, I. D., Sophocleous, M., et al. Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: Quantity versus quality. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(3), W03437.
George, M. R., et al. Impact of grazing management on stream water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 59(5), 209–214.
Resmî Gazete. 4342 Sayılı Mera Kanunu. Yayım Tarihi: 25.02.1998, Sayı: 4342.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Mera Yönetimi ve Koruma Rehberi. Ankara 2020.
Kaya, A., & Gül, A. Türkiye’de mera yönetimi ve hukuki sorunlar. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 2020, 26(2), 137–150.
UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015.
IPCC. Special report on climate change and land. Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change 2019.
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011. 2011–2020. https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf
FAO. Sustainable pastoralism and rangeland management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2020b.
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1782.
National Forest Management Act of 1976, 16 U.S.C. § 1600.
Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978, 43 U.S.C. § 1901.
Clean Water Act of 1972, 33 U.S.C. § 1251
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. § 1531.
Wild Free-Roaming Horses and BurrosAct of 1971, 16 U.S.C. § 1331.
Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Rangeland health standards – 43 CFR 4180. https://www.blm.gov.
U.S. Forest Service. (n.d.). Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2200: Range Management. https://www.fs.usda.gov
Belsky, A. J., Matzke, A., &Uselman, S. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1999, 54(1), 419–431.
Ehrenfeld, J. G. Impact of invasive species on soil nutrient cycling. Biological Invasions, 2008, 10, 561–574.
Higgins, S. I., & Richardson, D. M. Invasive alien plants and ecosystem dynamics, 2001. Biological Conservation, 106(3), 303–333.
Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R., & Morrison, D. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated withalien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics, 2005, 52(3), 273–288.
Derner, J. D., & Hart, R. H. Impacts of grazing on plant community structure and ecosystem processes in the Great Basin. Ecological Applications, 2009, 19(2), 423–439.
Wilson, J. B., &Peet, R. K. Plant communities of the northwestern United States. Ecological Monographs, 2001, 71(3), 461–485.
European Commission. CAP strategic plan 2023–2027. 2022 https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu.
