Posterior Vajinal Duvar Prolapsusu
Özet
Posterior vajinal duvar prolapsusu, pelvik organ prolapsusunun klinik açıdan önemli bir alt tipidir ve sıklıkla obstrüktif defekasyon sendromu ve cinsel fonksiyon bozuklukları ile birlikte seyreder. Bu bölümde posterior kompartman patolojilerinin epidemiyolojik özellikleri, patofizyolojisi, klinik yansımaları ve tanısal değerlendirme yöntemleri ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Konservatif yaklaşımlar ve cerrahi tedavi seçenekleri (transvajinal, transperineal, transanal, transabdominal prosedürler) güncel literatür ışığında karşılaştırılmış; güncel minimal invaziv tekniklerin (laparoskopik, robotik, mesh destekli yöntemler) fonksiyonel sonuçları ve komplikasyon profilleri değerlendirilmiştir. Multikompartman prolapsuslarda multidisipliner yaklaşımın önemi vurgulanmış olup, üroloji, jinekoloji ve kolorektal cerrahi uzmanları için kanıta dayalı güncel bir bakış açısı sunulmaktadır.
Referanslar
Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, Schmid C. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD004014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub5. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 30;11:CD004014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub6. PMID: 23633316.
Whiteside JL, Weber AM, Meyn LA, Walters MD. Risk factors for prolapse recurrence after vaginal repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;191(5):1533-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.109. PMID: 15547521.
Catanzarite T, Klaristenfeld DD, Tomassi MJ, Zazueta-Damian G, Alperin M. Recurrence of Rectal Prolapse After Surgical Repair in Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018 Jul;61(7):861-867. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001023. PMID: 29528907; PMCID: PMC5992067.
Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Apr;89(4):501-6. doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00058-6. PMID: 9083302.
Grimes CL, Lukacz ES. Posterior vaginal compartment prolapse and defecatory dysfunction: are they related? Int Urogynecol J. 2012 May;23(5):537-51. doi: 10.1007/s00192-011-1629-3. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID: 22222672.
Kozan R. Early functional outcomes of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in obstructed defecation syndrome: Case series. Ann Med Res. 2022;29(1):11-16. doi: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2021.03.288.
Arslan M, Kozan R. Pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2025;16(2): 99823. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.99823.
Chen L, Xie B, Fenner DE, Duarte Thibault ME, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO. Structural failure sites in posterior vaginal wall prolapse: stress 3D MRI-based analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2021 Jun;32(6):1399-1407. doi: 10.1007/s00192-021-04685-2. Epub 2021 Mar 11. PMID: 33704534; PMCID: PMC8462394.
Sammarco AG, Nandikanti L, Kobernik EK, Xie B, Jankowski A, Swenson CW, DeLancey JOL. Interactions among pelvic organ protrusion, levator ani descent, and hiatal enlargement in women with and without prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Nov;217(5):614.e1-614.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 11. PMID: 28709583; PMCID: PMC5671348.
Çetin M, Güney G, Birge Ö, Arslan E, Timur B, Timur H. Evaluation of Neuromuscular Morphometry of the Vaginal Wall Using Protein Gene Product 9.5 (Pgp 9.5) and Smooth Muscle α-Actin (Sma) in Patients with Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 May 16;60(5):816. doi: 10.3390/medicina60050816. PMID: 38792998; PMCID: PMC11123034.
D'Hoore A. Fine-tuning indications for laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy. Tech Coloproctol. 2017 Aug;21(8):593-594. doi: 10.1007/s10151-017-1678-9. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905139.
Lundby L, Laurberg S. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructed defaecation syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Feb;17(2):102-3. doi: 10.1111/codi.12830. PMID: 25382580.
Renzi A, Brillantino A, Di Sarno G, d'Aniello F. Five-item score for obstructed defecation syndrome: study of validation. Surg Innov. 2013 Apr;20(2):119-25. doi: 10.1177/1553350612446354. Epub 2012 May 17. PMID: 22599920.
Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, Ferguson D, D'Agostino R Jr. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Apr-Jun;26(2):191-208. doi: 10.1080/009262300278597. PMID: 10782451.
Zietarska Cisak M, Zwierzchowska A, Barcz E, Horosz E. Sexual function in women with pelvic organ prolapse and surgery influence on their complaints. Ginekol Pol. 2023 Mar 28. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2023.0029. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36976869.
Bordeianou LG, Anger JT, Boutros M, Birnbaum E, Carmichael JC, Connell KA, De EJB, Mellgren A, Staller K, Vogler SA, Weinstein MM, Yafi FA, Hull TL; MEMBERS OF THE PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS CONSORTIUM WORKING GROUPS ON PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES. Measuring Pelvic Floor Disorder Symptoms Using Patient-Reported Instruments: Proceedings of the Consensus Meeting of the Pelvic Floor Consortium of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the International Continence Society, the American Urogynecologic Society, and the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 Jan;63(1):6-23. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001529. PMID: 31804265.
Vlismas LJ, Wu W, Ho V. Idiopathic Slow Transit Constipation: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Jan 6;60(1):108. doi: 10.3390/medicina60010108. PMID: 38256369; PMCID: PMC10819559.
Chamié LP, Ribeiro DMFR, Caiado AHM, Warmbrand G, Serafini PC. Translabial US and Dynamic MR Imaging of the Pelvic Floor: Normal Anatomy and Dysfunction. Radiographics. 2018 Jan-Feb;38(1):287-308. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170055. PMID: 29320316.
Haliloglu N, Erden A. Magnetic resonance defecography findings of dyssynergic defecation. Pol J Radiol. 2022 Mar 20;87:e181-e185. doi: 10.5114/pjr.2022.114866. PMID: 35505854; PMCID: PMC9047849.
Lee YY. What's New in the Toolbox for Constipation and Fecal Incontinence? Front Med (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 24;1:5. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00005. PMID: 25705618; PMCID: PMC4335388
Bharucha AE, Knowles CH. Rectocele: Incidental or important? Observe or operate? Contemporary diagnosis and management in the multidisciplinary era. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Nov;34(11):e14453. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14453. Epub 2022 Sep 14. PMID: 36102693; PMCID: PMC9887546.
Naumann G, Börner C, Naumann LJ, Schröder S, Hüsch T. A novel bilateral anterior sacrospinous hysteropexy technique for apical pelvic organ prolapse repair via the vaginal route: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022 Jul;306(1):141-149. doi: 10.1007/s00404-022-06486-4. Epub 2022 Mar 14. PMID: 35288760; PMCID: PMC9300505.
Cumberlege J First Do No Harm. The Report of the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Review. London, England: Crown Copyright, 2020. www.gov.uk/official-documents.
Degirmenci Y, Stewen K, Dionysopoulou A, Schiestl LJ, Hofmann K, Skala C, Hasenburg A, Schwab R. Trends in Urogynecology-Transvaginal Mesh Surgery in Germany. J Clin Med. 2024 Feb 8;13(4):987. doi: 10.3390/jcm13040987. PMID: 38398300; PMCID: PMC10889587.
Lisi G, Campanelli M, Grande S, Grande M, Mascagni D, Milito G. Transperineal rectocele repair with biomesh: updating of a tertiary refer center prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018 Nov;33(11):1583-1588. doi: 10.1007/s00384-018-3054-2. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29675591.
Pescatori M, Zbar AP. Reinterventions after complicated or failed STARR procedure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009 Jan;24(1):87-95. doi: 10.1007/s00384-008-0556-3. Epub 2008 Aug 12. PMID: 18696087.
Farouk R, Bhardwaj R, Phillips RK. Stapled transanal resection of the rectum (STARR) for the obstructed defaecation syndrome. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009 May;91(4):287-91. doi: 10.1308/003588409X428315. PMID: 19416586; PMCID: PMC2749389.
Lundby L, Laurberg S. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructed defaecation syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Feb;17(2):102-3. doi: 10.1111/codi.12830. PMID: 25382580.
D'Hoore A, Cadoni R, Penninckx F. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for total rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2004 Nov;91(11):1500-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.4779. PMID: 15499644.
Riss S, Winstanley J, Collie M. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructive defecation syndrome: still the way to go? Int Urogynecol J. 2017 Jul;28(7):979-981. doi: 10.1007/s00192-017-3378-4. Epub 2017 Jun 2. PMID: 28577170.
Tsiaousidou A, MacDonald L, Shalli K. Mesh safety in pelvic surgery: Our experience and outcome of biological mesh used in laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jan 21;10(3):891-898. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.891. PMID: 35127904; PMCID: PMC8790465.
van der Schans EM, Boom MA, El Moumni M, Verheijen PM, Broeders IAMJ, Consten ECJ. Mesh-related complications and recurrence after ventral mesh rectopexy with synthetic versus biologic mesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2022 Feb;26(2):85-98. doi: 10.1007/s10151-021-02534-4. Epub 2021 Nov 23. PMID: 34812970; PMCID: PMC8763765.
Mercer-Jones MA, Brown SR, Knowles CH, Williams AB. Position statement by the Pelvic Floor Society on behalf of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland on the use of mesh in ventral mesh rectopexy. Colorectal Dis. 2020 Oct;22(10):1429-1435. doi: 10.1111/codi.13893. PMID: 28926174; PMCID: PMC7702115.
Baracy Jr MG Jr, Richardsona C, Mackeya KR, Hagglund KH, Aslam MF. Does ventral mesh rectopexy at the time of sacrocolpopexy prevent subsequent posterior wall prolapse? J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2021 Aug 31;22(3):174-180. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2021.2021.0032. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PMID: 34109716; PMCID: PMC8420747.
Gee AD, Lee SK, Ban K, Paraiso MFR. The Current Evidence and How-To on Combined Sacrocolpopexy and Rectopexy. Int Urogynecol J. 2024 Oct;35(10):1955-1960. doi: 10.1007/s00192-024-05869-2. Epub 2024 Aug 1. PMID: 39090473; PMCID: PMC11534851.
Devane LA, Ranson SM, Bustamante-Lopez LA, Uwah MS, Kudish B, Kow N, Hoff JJ, Monson JRT, deBeche-Adams TCH. Combined Robotic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy and Sacrocolpopexy for Multicompartmental Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):286-290. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003013. Epub 2023 Oct 2. PMID: 37787607.
López-Salazar A, Palacios-Ramos J, Coterón-Ochoa PF, Gallego-Sánchez JA. Unidad funcional multidisciplinar de suelo pélvico: experiencia de 5 años [Multidisciplinary pelvic floor team: 5 year experience.]. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 May;74(4):383-388. Spanish. PMID: 33942729.
Referanslar
Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, Schmid C. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD004014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub5. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 30;11:CD004014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub6. PMID: 23633316.
Whiteside JL, Weber AM, Meyn LA, Walters MD. Risk factors for prolapse recurrence after vaginal repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;191(5):1533-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.109. PMID: 15547521.
Catanzarite T, Klaristenfeld DD, Tomassi MJ, Zazueta-Damian G, Alperin M. Recurrence of Rectal Prolapse After Surgical Repair in Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018 Jul;61(7):861-867. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001023. PMID: 29528907; PMCID: PMC5992067.
Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Apr;89(4):501-6. doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00058-6. PMID: 9083302.
Grimes CL, Lukacz ES. Posterior vaginal compartment prolapse and defecatory dysfunction: are they related? Int Urogynecol J. 2012 May;23(5):537-51. doi: 10.1007/s00192-011-1629-3. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID: 22222672.
Kozan R. Early functional outcomes of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in obstructed defecation syndrome: Case series. Ann Med Res. 2022;29(1):11-16. doi: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2021.03.288.
Arslan M, Kozan R. Pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2025;16(2): 99823. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.99823.
Chen L, Xie B, Fenner DE, Duarte Thibault ME, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO. Structural failure sites in posterior vaginal wall prolapse: stress 3D MRI-based analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2021 Jun;32(6):1399-1407. doi: 10.1007/s00192-021-04685-2. Epub 2021 Mar 11. PMID: 33704534; PMCID: PMC8462394.
Sammarco AG, Nandikanti L, Kobernik EK, Xie B, Jankowski A, Swenson CW, DeLancey JOL. Interactions among pelvic organ protrusion, levator ani descent, and hiatal enlargement in women with and without prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Nov;217(5):614.e1-614.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 11. PMID: 28709583; PMCID: PMC5671348.
Çetin M, Güney G, Birge Ö, Arslan E, Timur B, Timur H. Evaluation of Neuromuscular Morphometry of the Vaginal Wall Using Protein Gene Product 9.5 (Pgp 9.5) and Smooth Muscle α-Actin (Sma) in Patients with Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 May 16;60(5):816. doi: 10.3390/medicina60050816. PMID: 38792998; PMCID: PMC11123034.
D'Hoore A. Fine-tuning indications for laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy. Tech Coloproctol. 2017 Aug;21(8):593-594. doi: 10.1007/s10151-017-1678-9. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905139.
Lundby L, Laurberg S. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructed defaecation syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Feb;17(2):102-3. doi: 10.1111/codi.12830. PMID: 25382580.
Renzi A, Brillantino A, Di Sarno G, d'Aniello F. Five-item score for obstructed defecation syndrome: study of validation. Surg Innov. 2013 Apr;20(2):119-25. doi: 10.1177/1553350612446354. Epub 2012 May 17. PMID: 22599920.
Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, Ferguson D, D'Agostino R Jr. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Apr-Jun;26(2):191-208. doi: 10.1080/009262300278597. PMID: 10782451.
Zietarska Cisak M, Zwierzchowska A, Barcz E, Horosz E. Sexual function in women with pelvic organ prolapse and surgery influence on their complaints. Ginekol Pol. 2023 Mar 28. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2023.0029. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36976869.
Bordeianou LG, Anger JT, Boutros M, Birnbaum E, Carmichael JC, Connell KA, De EJB, Mellgren A, Staller K, Vogler SA, Weinstein MM, Yafi FA, Hull TL; MEMBERS OF THE PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS CONSORTIUM WORKING GROUPS ON PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES. Measuring Pelvic Floor Disorder Symptoms Using Patient-Reported Instruments: Proceedings of the Consensus Meeting of the Pelvic Floor Consortium of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the International Continence Society, the American Urogynecologic Society, and the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 Jan;63(1):6-23. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001529. PMID: 31804265.
Vlismas LJ, Wu W, Ho V. Idiopathic Slow Transit Constipation: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Jan 6;60(1):108. doi: 10.3390/medicina60010108. PMID: 38256369; PMCID: PMC10819559.
Chamié LP, Ribeiro DMFR, Caiado AHM, Warmbrand G, Serafini PC. Translabial US and Dynamic MR Imaging of the Pelvic Floor: Normal Anatomy and Dysfunction. Radiographics. 2018 Jan-Feb;38(1):287-308. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170055. PMID: 29320316.
Haliloglu N, Erden A. Magnetic resonance defecography findings of dyssynergic defecation. Pol J Radiol. 2022 Mar 20;87:e181-e185. doi: 10.5114/pjr.2022.114866. PMID: 35505854; PMCID: PMC9047849.
Lee YY. What's New in the Toolbox for Constipation and Fecal Incontinence? Front Med (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 24;1:5. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00005. PMID: 25705618; PMCID: PMC4335388
Bharucha AE, Knowles CH. Rectocele: Incidental or important? Observe or operate? Contemporary diagnosis and management in the multidisciplinary era. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Nov;34(11):e14453. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14453. Epub 2022 Sep 14. PMID: 36102693; PMCID: PMC9887546.
Naumann G, Börner C, Naumann LJ, Schröder S, Hüsch T. A novel bilateral anterior sacrospinous hysteropexy technique for apical pelvic organ prolapse repair via the vaginal route: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022 Jul;306(1):141-149. doi: 10.1007/s00404-022-06486-4. Epub 2022 Mar 14. PMID: 35288760; PMCID: PMC9300505.
Cumberlege J First Do No Harm. The Report of the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Review. London, England: Crown Copyright, 2020. www.gov.uk/official-documents.
Degirmenci Y, Stewen K, Dionysopoulou A, Schiestl LJ, Hofmann K, Skala C, Hasenburg A, Schwab R. Trends in Urogynecology-Transvaginal Mesh Surgery in Germany. J Clin Med. 2024 Feb 8;13(4):987. doi: 10.3390/jcm13040987. PMID: 38398300; PMCID: PMC10889587.
Lisi G, Campanelli M, Grande S, Grande M, Mascagni D, Milito G. Transperineal rectocele repair with biomesh: updating of a tertiary refer center prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018 Nov;33(11):1583-1588. doi: 10.1007/s00384-018-3054-2. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29675591.
Pescatori M, Zbar AP. Reinterventions after complicated or failed STARR procedure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009 Jan;24(1):87-95. doi: 10.1007/s00384-008-0556-3. Epub 2008 Aug 12. PMID: 18696087.
Farouk R, Bhardwaj R, Phillips RK. Stapled transanal resection of the rectum (STARR) for the obstructed defaecation syndrome. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009 May;91(4):287-91. doi: 10.1308/003588409X428315. PMID: 19416586; PMCID: PMC2749389.
Lundby L, Laurberg S. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructed defaecation syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Feb;17(2):102-3. doi: 10.1111/codi.12830. PMID: 25382580.
D'Hoore A, Cadoni R, Penninckx F. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for total rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 2004 Nov;91(11):1500-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.4779. PMID: 15499644.
Riss S, Winstanley J, Collie M. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for obstructive defecation syndrome: still the way to go? Int Urogynecol J. 2017 Jul;28(7):979-981. doi: 10.1007/s00192-017-3378-4. Epub 2017 Jun 2. PMID: 28577170.
Tsiaousidou A, MacDonald L, Shalli K. Mesh safety in pelvic surgery: Our experience and outcome of biological mesh used in laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jan 21;10(3):891-898. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.891. PMID: 35127904; PMCID: PMC8790465.
van der Schans EM, Boom MA, El Moumni M, Verheijen PM, Broeders IAMJ, Consten ECJ. Mesh-related complications and recurrence after ventral mesh rectopexy with synthetic versus biologic mesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2022 Feb;26(2):85-98. doi: 10.1007/s10151-021-02534-4. Epub 2021 Nov 23. PMID: 34812970; PMCID: PMC8763765.
Mercer-Jones MA, Brown SR, Knowles CH, Williams AB. Position statement by the Pelvic Floor Society on behalf of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland on the use of mesh in ventral mesh rectopexy. Colorectal Dis. 2020 Oct;22(10):1429-1435. doi: 10.1111/codi.13893. PMID: 28926174; PMCID: PMC7702115.
Baracy Jr MG Jr, Richardsona C, Mackeya KR, Hagglund KH, Aslam MF. Does ventral mesh rectopexy at the time of sacrocolpopexy prevent subsequent posterior wall prolapse? J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2021 Aug 31;22(3):174-180. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2021.2021.0032. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PMID: 34109716; PMCID: PMC8420747.
Gee AD, Lee SK, Ban K, Paraiso MFR. The Current Evidence and How-To on Combined Sacrocolpopexy and Rectopexy. Int Urogynecol J. 2024 Oct;35(10):1955-1960. doi: 10.1007/s00192-024-05869-2. Epub 2024 Aug 1. PMID: 39090473; PMCID: PMC11534851.
Devane LA, Ranson SM, Bustamante-Lopez LA, Uwah MS, Kudish B, Kow N, Hoff JJ, Monson JRT, deBeche-Adams TCH. Combined Robotic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy and Sacrocolpopexy for Multicompartmental Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):286-290. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003013. Epub 2023 Oct 2. PMID: 37787607.
López-Salazar A, Palacios-Ramos J, Coterón-Ochoa PF, Gallego-Sánchez JA. Unidad funcional multidisciplinar de suelo pélvico: experiencia de 5 años [Multidisciplinary pelvic floor team: 5 year experience.]. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 May;74(4):383-388. Spanish. PMID: 33942729.
