Endokrin Hastalıklar ve Göz
Özet
Referanslar
Kramer CK, Rodrigues TC, Canani lH, et al. Diabetic retinopathy predicts all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in both type 1 and 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(5):1238-44. doi: 10.2337/dc11-0079.
Cheung n, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9735): 124-36.
Yau JW, Rogers Sl, Kawasaki R, et al; Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556- 64. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1909.
Çıtırık M, Bağcı F.Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.14-22.
Kadayıfçılar, Sibel. "Güncel Bilgiler Işığında Diyabetik Retinopati Patogenezi." Turkiye Klinikleri Ophthalmology-Special Topics 7.2 (2014): 6-11.
Singh Vp, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. Korean J physiol pharmacol. 2014;18(1):1-14. doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):527-32. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011
Tükenmez Dikmen N, Karakaş N. Sistemik Hastalıklarda Göz Bulguları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p.1-11.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet. 1998;352:837-853
Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, et al. Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(5):799-805. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.054
Olsen BS, Sjølie AK, Hougaard P, et al. The significance of the prepubertal diabetes duration for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2004;18(3):160-164. doi:10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00073-4
Naderan M. Ocular changes during pregnancy. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018;30(3):202-210. Published 2018 Jan 3. doi:10.1016/j.joco.2017.11.012
G Sun JK, Keenan HA, Cavallerano JD, et al. Protection from retinopathy and other complications in patients with type 1 diabetes of extreme duration: the joslin 50-year medalist study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:968-974.
Antonetti DA, Klein R, Gardner TW. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1227-1239.
Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM, et al. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited. Diabetes. 2008;57:995-1001.
AAO Diabetic Retinopathy PPP 2024 (10.07.2025 tarihinde https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/diabetic-retinopathy-ppp adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
De Boever p, Louwies T, provost E, et al. Fundus photography as a convenient tool to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in epidemiological studies. J vis Exp. 2014; (92):e51904
Kim BY, Smith SD, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:405-412
Saatci AO, Kartı Ö, İpek ŞC. Diyabetik retinopatide tanı yöntemleri: Fundus flöresein anjiyografi. Yazar Z, editör. Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.31-7.
Türkiye Diyabet Programı 2023-2027. (10.07.2025 tarihinde https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-ve-hareketli-hayatdb/Dokumanlar/Programlar/Turkiye-Diyabet-Programi.p adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Mayo Clinic . Diabetic retinopathy - Diagnosis & treatment. 11.07.2025 tarihinde https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371617 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Yazar Zeliha, Burcu POLAT GÜLTEKİN. "Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati: Tedavi Maliyeti ve Etkinlik." Turkiye Klinikleri Ophthalmology-Special Topics 14.2 (2021): 108-114.
Kapran Z, Acar N.Proliferatif Diyabetik Retinopati Tedavisi - Journal of Retina-Vitreous.2008;16:85-90
Ederer F, Hiller R, Taylor HR. Senile lens changes and diabetes in two population studies. Am J ophthalmol. 1981;91(3):381-95. doi: 10.1016/00029394(81)90293-2.)
Han SB, Yang HK, Hyon JY. Influence of diabetes mellitus on anterior segment of the eye. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;14:53-63. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S190713.
Bartalena L, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:168-199.)
Garrity JA, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of graves ophthalmopathy: implications for prediction, prevention, and treatment. Am J ophthalmol. 2006;142(1):14753. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.04).
Bahn RS. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:726-738.
Eckstein A, Quadbeck B, Mueller G, et al. Impact of smoking on the response to treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:773-776
Wang Y, Smith TJ. Current concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1735-1748
Li X, Li S, Fan W, et al. Recent advances in graves ophthalmopathy medical therapy: a comprehensive literature review. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;43(4):1437-1449. doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02537-6
Şahlı E, Gündüz K. Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017 Apr;47(2):94-105. doi: 10.4274/tjo.80688.
Wersinga WM, Smit T, van der Gaag R, et al. Temporal relationship between onset of Graves’ ophthalmopathy and onset of thyroidal Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11:615-9.).
Prummel MF, Bakker A, Wiersinga WM, et al. Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves' orbitopathy experience. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):491-5. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1480491.
Mourits Mp, prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, et al. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (oxf). 1997;47(1):9-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x. Erratum in: Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1997;47(5):632.
Bartalena l, Baldeschi l, Boboridis K, et al; European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EuGoGo). The 2016 european thyroid association/european group on graves' orbitopathy guidelines for the management of graves' orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(1):9-26. doi:10.1159/000443828.
Bartalena, L., Kahaly, G. J., Baldeschi, L., et al& EUGOGO. (2021). The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. European Journal of Endocrinology, 185(4), G43-G67.].
Prummel MF, Berghout A, Wiersinga WM et al. Randomised double-blind trial of prednisone versus radiotherapy in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Lancet. 1993;342(8877):949–54.
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 422–431.
Perez-Moreiras JV, Gomez-Reino JJ, Maneiro JR, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant Graves orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 195: 181–190.
Hendrick AM, Kahook MY, Daoud YJ, Hazin R. ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine disorders: approaches and medical management. Curr opin ophthalmol. 2009;20(6):495-503. doi: 10.1097/ICu.0b013e328331903c.
Chopra R, Chander A, Jacob JJ. The eye as a window to rare endocrine disorders. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(3):331-8. doi: 10.4103/2230- 8210.95659.
Jayarajah u, Herath KB, Fernando MH, Goonewardena S. phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder presenting with malignant hypertension and hypertensive retinopathy. Asian J urol. 2020;7(1):70-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.05.002.
Referanslar
Kramer CK, Rodrigues TC, Canani lH, et al. Diabetic retinopathy predicts all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in both type 1 and 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(5):1238-44. doi: 10.2337/dc11-0079.
Cheung n, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9735): 124-36.
Yau JW, Rogers Sl, Kawasaki R, et al; Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556- 64. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1909.
Çıtırık M, Bağcı F.Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.14-22.
Kadayıfçılar, Sibel. "Güncel Bilgiler Işığında Diyabetik Retinopati Patogenezi." Turkiye Klinikleri Ophthalmology-Special Topics 7.2 (2014): 6-11.
Singh Vp, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. Korean J physiol pharmacol. 2014;18(1):1-14. doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):527-32. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011
Tükenmez Dikmen N, Karakaş N. Sistemik Hastalıklarda Göz Bulguları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p.1-11.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet. 1998;352:837-853
Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, et al. Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(5):799-805. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.054
Olsen BS, Sjølie AK, Hougaard P, et al. The significance of the prepubertal diabetes duration for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2004;18(3):160-164. doi:10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00073-4
Naderan M. Ocular changes during pregnancy. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018;30(3):202-210. Published 2018 Jan 3. doi:10.1016/j.joco.2017.11.012
G Sun JK, Keenan HA, Cavallerano JD, et al. Protection from retinopathy and other complications in patients with type 1 diabetes of extreme duration: the joslin 50-year medalist study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:968-974.
Antonetti DA, Klein R, Gardner TW. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1227-1239.
Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM, et al. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited. Diabetes. 2008;57:995-1001.
AAO Diabetic Retinopathy PPP 2024 (10.07.2025 tarihinde https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/diabetic-retinopathy-ppp adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
De Boever p, Louwies T, provost E, et al. Fundus photography as a convenient tool to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in epidemiological studies. J vis Exp. 2014; (92):e51904
Kim BY, Smith SD, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:405-412
Saatci AO, Kartı Ö, İpek ŞC. Diyabetik retinopatide tanı yöntemleri: Fundus flöresein anjiyografi. Yazar Z, editör. Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.31-7.
Türkiye Diyabet Programı 2023-2027. (10.07.2025 tarihinde https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-ve-hareketli-hayatdb/Dokumanlar/Programlar/Turkiye-Diyabet-Programi.p adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Mayo Clinic . Diabetic retinopathy - Diagnosis & treatment. 11.07.2025 tarihinde https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371617 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Yazar Zeliha, Burcu POLAT GÜLTEKİN. "Diyabetik Retinopati ve Makulopati: Tedavi Maliyeti ve Etkinlik." Turkiye Klinikleri Ophthalmology-Special Topics 14.2 (2021): 108-114.
Kapran Z, Acar N.Proliferatif Diyabetik Retinopati Tedavisi - Journal of Retina-Vitreous.2008;16:85-90
Ederer F, Hiller R, Taylor HR. Senile lens changes and diabetes in two population studies. Am J ophthalmol. 1981;91(3):381-95. doi: 10.1016/00029394(81)90293-2.)
Han SB, Yang HK, Hyon JY. Influence of diabetes mellitus on anterior segment of the eye. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;14:53-63. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S190713.
Bartalena L, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:168-199.)
Garrity JA, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of graves ophthalmopathy: implications for prediction, prevention, and treatment. Am J ophthalmol. 2006;142(1):14753. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.04).
Bahn RS. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:726-738.
Eckstein A, Quadbeck B, Mueller G, et al. Impact of smoking on the response to treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:773-776
Wang Y, Smith TJ. Current concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1735-1748
Li X, Li S, Fan W, et al. Recent advances in graves ophthalmopathy medical therapy: a comprehensive literature review. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;43(4):1437-1449. doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02537-6
Şahlı E, Gündüz K. Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017 Apr;47(2):94-105. doi: 10.4274/tjo.80688.
Wersinga WM, Smit T, van der Gaag R, et al. Temporal relationship between onset of Graves’ ophthalmopathy and onset of thyroidal Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11:615-9.).
Prummel MF, Bakker A, Wiersinga WM, et al. Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves' orbitopathy experience. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):491-5. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1480491.
Mourits Mp, prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, et al. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (oxf). 1997;47(1):9-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x. Erratum in: Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1997;47(5):632.
Bartalena l, Baldeschi l, Boboridis K, et al; European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EuGoGo). The 2016 european thyroid association/european group on graves' orbitopathy guidelines for the management of graves' orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(1):9-26. doi:10.1159/000443828.
Bartalena, L., Kahaly, G. J., Baldeschi, L., et al& EUGOGO. (2021). The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. European Journal of Endocrinology, 185(4), G43-G67.].
Prummel MF, Berghout A, Wiersinga WM et al. Randomised double-blind trial of prednisone versus radiotherapy in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Lancet. 1993;342(8877):949–54.
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 422–431.
Perez-Moreiras JV, Gomez-Reino JJ, Maneiro JR, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant Graves orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 195: 181–190.
Hendrick AM, Kahook MY, Daoud YJ, Hazin R. ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine disorders: approaches and medical management. Curr opin ophthalmol. 2009;20(6):495-503. doi: 10.1097/ICu.0b013e328331903c.
Chopra R, Chander A, Jacob JJ. The eye as a window to rare endocrine disorders. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(3):331-8. doi: 10.4103/2230- 8210.95659.
Jayarajah u, Herath KB, Fernando MH, Goonewardena S. phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder presenting with malignant hypertension and hypertensive retinopathy. Asian J urol. 2020;7(1):70-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.05.002.