Hipofiz Adenomları; Klinik, Tanı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(5):257-66.

Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004;101(3):613-9.

Fleseriu M, Karavitaki N, Dekkers OM, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):3888-3921.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-524.

Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4769-75.

Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3717-26.

Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004;101(3):613-9.

Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(3):377-82.

Daly AF, Beckers A. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(3):347-355.

Molitch ME. Pituitary tumors: Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(1):1-14.

Larkin SJ, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Pituitary tumors: Pathogenesis and clinical features. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, editors. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2016. p. 1050–67.

Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(3):355-70.

Yu S, Xie S, Liu X, et al. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in pituitary adenomas: an update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:652146.

Bi WL, Greenwald NF, Abedalthagafi M, et al. Genomic landscape of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2017;24(6):287-301.

D’Angelo D, Daniel RT. Environmental and occupational exposures in pituitary adenoma development: a review. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2015;34(3):187-98.

Jaffrain-Rea ML, Caccese M, Mangieri D, et al. Molecular genetics and epigenetics of pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;462:100-115.

Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(5):257-66.

Asa SL, Ezzat S. The pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Annu Rev Pathol. 2012;7:97-126.

Daly AF, Beckers A. The molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(9):552-64.

Daly AF, Vanbellinghen JF, Beckers A. The genetics of pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45(1):95-108.

Korbonits M, Gueorguiev M, Stalla GK. Molecular mechanisms in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(4):456-76.

Shenker A. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of somatotroph adenomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(1):43-72.

Beckers A, Daly AF. Molecular genetics of pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(5):R229-R243.

Melmed S. Clinical manifestations of pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1148-59.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-24.

Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1204-1230.

Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1717-1744.

Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(8):2871-2913.

Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L, Mannavola D, et al. Clinical review: thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(8):2939-2947.

Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, et al. Large non-functioning pituitary adenomas: clinical features and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;88(5):682-7.

Delemer B, Lecomte P, Giraud P, et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: clinical manifestations and treatment. Presse Med. 2017;46(1):22-9.

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1643-1671.

Bruce BB, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(3):581-594.

Colao A, Savastano S. Medical management of pituitary adenomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(3):162-175.

Kassam A, Glastonbury CM, Suh JH. Imaging of pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29(4):497-507.

Jagannathan J, Marano GD, de Souza CG, et al. Computed tomography in pituitary disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019;48(2):317-334.

Saeger W, Lüdecke DK. Histopathology of pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2020;23(4):379-388.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-524.

Jane JA Jr, Laws ER Jr. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors: a review. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(2):163-176.

Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis E. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 2020;66(1):14-22.

Koutourousiou M, Gardner PA, Tormenti MJ, et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 2018;121(3):618-627.

Colao A, Di Sarno A, Cappabianca P, et al. The medical treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;29(5):500-526.

Melmed S. Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest. 2018;123(11):4083-4091.

Fleseriu M, Biller BMK. Cushing’s disease management: new and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(4):230-242.

Minniti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Osti M, et al. Radiation therapy in pituitary adenomas: modern techniques and outcomes. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):157.

Freda PU. Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):63-77.

Fleseriu M, Karavitaki N, Dekkers OM, et al. Hormonal monitoring after pituitary surgery. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(4):388-433.

Lee CC, Tse VC, Geer EB, et al. Postoperative imaging in pituitary adenomas: Timing and interpretation. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(4):E14.

Molitch ME. Treatment outcomes for different pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(3):e784-e795.

Minniti G, Lanzetta G, Esposito V, et al. Long-term outcomes in pituitary adenomas: a clinical review. J Neurosurg Sci. 2019;63(5):519-526.

Molitch ME. Pituitary tumors: complications and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):179-192.

Oldfield EH, Vortmeyer AO. Surgical complications in pituitary surgery. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(2):E24-E30.

Yamada S, Hayashi M, Inoshita N, et al. Postoperative hypopituitarism following pituitary adenoma resection. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1126-1132.

Reddy KS, Hampson JP. Diabetes insipidus after pituitary surgery: diagnosis and management. Pituitary. 2020;23(3):265-272.

Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, De Divitiis E. Complications of transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(1):97-105.

Lee Y, Kim M, Park Y, et al. Late effects of radiation therapy for pituitary adenomas. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(3):493-500.

Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. Dopamine agonist side effects in prolactinoma patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e547-e556.

Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. Medical treatment of acromegaly and associated complications. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):268-319.

Chirica V, Macarie R, Ciubotaru I. Clinical complications in pituitary adenomas: an overview. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(3):725-732.

Freda PU, Post KD. Multidisciplinary management of pituitary tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(3):349-362.

Molitch ME. Management of prolactinomas during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(5):1647-1655.

Patil CG, Premkumar A, Robinson P. Pituitary tumors and pregnancy: management strategies. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(2):E14.

Cuny T, Raverot G. Pediatric pituitary adenomas: clinical features and treatment. Endocr Dev. 2018;33:132-146.

Freda PU, Wass JA. Recurrent and aggressive pituitary adenomas: treatment challenges. Pituitary. 2019;22(3):220-233.

Van der Klaauw AA, Biermasz NR. Psychosocial outcomes in patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2021;24(1):23-34.

Asa SL, Ezzat S. The molecular genetics of pituitary adenomas: prospects for targeted therapy. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1353-1375.

Raverot G, Burman P, McCormack A, et al. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(1):G1-G24.

Honegger J, Petersenn S. Temozolomide in pituitary tumors. Pituitary. 2020;23(3):304-313.

Vezzani B, Ottaviani S, Magni E, et al. Circulating biomarkers in pituitary tumors: current status and perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:624650.

Liu Z, Wang S, Dong D, et al. Radiomics analysis for evaluation of tumor invasiveness in pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2022;157(2):299-308.

Molitch ME, Clemmons DR. Future directions in pituitary adenoma research and therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(4):e1573-e1583.

Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(5):257-66.

Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004;101(3):613-9.

Fleseriu M, Karavitaki N, Dekkers OM, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):3888-3921.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-524.

Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4769-75.

Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3717-26.

Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004;101(3):613-9.

Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(3):377-82.

Daly AF, Beckers A. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(3):347-355.

Molitch ME. Pituitary tumors: Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(1):1-14.

Larkin SJ, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Pituitary tumors: Pathogenesis and clinical features. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, editors. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2016. p. 1050–67.

Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(3):355-70.

Yu S, Xie S, Liu X, et al. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in pituitary adenomas: an update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:652146.

Bi WL, Greenwald NF, Abedalthagafi M, et al. Genomic landscape of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2017;24(6):287-301.

D’Angelo D, Daniel RT. Environmental and occupational exposures in pituitary adenoma development: a review. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2015;34(3):187-98.

Jaffrain-Rea ML, Caccese M, Mangieri D, et al. Molecular genetics and epigenetics of pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;462:100-115.

Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(5):257-66.

Asa SL, Ezzat S. The pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Annu Rev Pathol. 2012;7:97-126.

Daly AF, Beckers A. The molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(9):552-64.

Daly AF, Vanbellinghen JF, Beckers A. The genetics of pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45(1):95-108.

Korbonits M, Gueorguiev M, Stalla GK. Molecular mechanisms in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(4):456-76.

Shenker A. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of somatotroph adenomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(1):43-72.

Beckers A, Daly AF. Molecular genetics of pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(5):R229-R243.

Melmed S. Clinical manifestations of pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1148-59.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-24.

Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1204-1230.

Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1717-1744.

Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(8):2871-2913.

Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L, Mannavola D, et al. Clinical review: thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(8):2939-2947.

Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, et al. Large non-functioning pituitary adenomas: clinical features and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;88(5):682-7.

Delemer B, Lecomte P, Giraud P, et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: clinical manifestations and treatment. Presse Med. 2017;46(1):22-9.

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1643-1671.

Bruce BB, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(3):581-594.

Colao A, Savastano S. Medical management of pituitary adenomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(3):162-175.

Kassam A, Glastonbury CM, Suh JH. Imaging of pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29(4):497-507.

Jagannathan J, Marano GD, de Souza CG, et al. Computed tomography in pituitary disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019;48(2):317-334.

Saeger W, Lüdecke DK. Histopathology of pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2020;23(4):379-388.

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-524.

Jane JA Jr, Laws ER Jr. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors: a review. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(2):163-176.

Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis E. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 2020;66(1):14-22.

Koutourousiou M, Gardner PA, Tormenti MJ, et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 2018;121(3):618-627.

Colao A, Di Sarno A, Cappabianca P, et al. The medical treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2017;29(5):500-526.

Melmed S. Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest. 2018;123(11):4083-4091.

Fleseriu M, Biller BMK. Cushing’s disease management: new and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(4):230-242.

Minniti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Osti M, et al. Radiation therapy in pituitary adenomas: modern techniques and outcomes. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):157.

Freda PU. Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):63-77.

Fleseriu M, Karavitaki N, Dekkers OM, et al. Hormonal monitoring after pituitary surgery. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(4):388-433.

Lee CC, Tse VC, Geer EB, et al. Postoperative imaging in pituitary adenomas: Timing and interpretation. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(4):E14.

Molitch ME. Treatment outcomes for different pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(3):e784-e795.

Minniti G, Lanzetta G, Esposito V, et al. Long-term outcomes in pituitary adenomas: a clinical review. J Neurosurg Sci. 2019;63(5):519-526.

Molitch ME. Pituitary tumors: complications and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):179-192.

Oldfield EH, Vortmeyer AO. Surgical complications in pituitary surgery. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(2):E24-E30.

Yamada S, Hayashi M, Inoshita N, et al. Postoperative hypopituitarism following pituitary adenoma resection. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1126-1132.

Reddy KS, Hampson JP. Diabetes insipidus after pituitary surgery: diagnosis and management. Pituitary. 2020;23(3):265-272.

Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, De Divitiis E. Complications of transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(1):97-105.

Lee Y, Kim M, Park Y, et al. Late effects of radiation therapy for pituitary adenomas. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(3):493-500.

Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. Dopamine agonist side effects in prolactinoma patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e547-e556.

Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. Medical treatment of acromegaly and associated complications. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):268-319.

Chirica V, Macarie R, Ciubotaru I. Clinical complications in pituitary adenomas: an overview. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(3):725-732.

Freda PU, Post KD. Multidisciplinary management of pituitary tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(3):349-362.

Molitch ME. Management of prolactinomas during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(5):1647-1655.

Patil CG, Premkumar A, Robinson P. Pituitary tumors and pregnancy: management strategies. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(2):E14.

Cuny T, Raverot G. Pediatric pituitary adenomas: clinical features and treatment. Endocr Dev. 2018;33:132-146.

Freda PU, Wass JA. Recurrent and aggressive pituitary adenomas: treatment challenges. Pituitary. 2019;22(3):220-233.

Van der Klaauw AA, Biermasz NR. Psychosocial outcomes in patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2021;24(1):23-34.

Asa SL, Ezzat S. The molecular genetics of pituitary adenomas: prospects for targeted therapy. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1353-1375.

Raverot G, Burman P, McCormack A, et al. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(1):G1-G24.

Honegger J, Petersenn S. Temozolomide in pituitary tumors. Pituitary. 2020;23(3):304-313.

Vezzani B, Ottaviani S, Magni E, et al. Circulating biomarkers in pituitary tumors: current status and perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:624650.

Liu Z, Wang S, Dong D, et al. Radiomics analysis for evaluation of tumor invasiveness in pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2022;157(2):299-308.

Molitch ME, Clemmons DR. Future directions in pituitary adenoma research and therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(4):e1573-e1583.